HOW   TO   READ 
HUMAN  NATURE: 

ITS  INNER  STATES  AND 
OUTER  FORMS 

By  WILLIAM  WALKER  ATKINSON 


WITH  NUMEROUS  ILLUSTRATIONS 


L.  N.  FOWLER  &  CO. 

7,  Imperial  Arcade,  Ludgate  Circua 

London,  E.  C,  England 


1916 

THE  ELIZABETH  TOWNE  CO. 
HOLYOKE,  MASS. 


Copyright  1913 

BY 

Elizabeth  Towne 


URL 


&c 


|  y7l*3«. 


HOW  TO  READ 
HUMAN  NATURE 


CONTENTS 

Chapter  Page 

I.  Inner  State  and  Outer  Form ...     9 

II.  The  Inner  Phase:   Character...   29 

III.  The  Outer  Form :   Personality..   38 

IV.  The   Temperaments 47 

V.     The  Mental  Qualities 68 

VI.     The  Egoistic  Qualities 76 

VII.     The  Motive  Qualities 81 

VIII.    The  Vitative   Qualities 89 

IX.     The  Emotive  Qualities 93 

X.     The  Applicative  Qualities 100 

XL     The  Modificative  Qualities 107 

XII.     The  Kelative  Qualities 114 

XIII.  The  Perceptive  Qualities 122 

XIV.  The  Reflective  Qualities 139 

XV.  The  Eeligio-Moral  Qualities.  . .  .148 

XVI.     Faces    156 

XVII.     Chins  and  Mouths 169 

XVIII.     Eyes,  Ears,  and  Noses 177 

XIX.     Miscellaneous  Signs   186 


CHAPTER  I 

INNER  STATE  AND  OUTER  FORM 

" Human  Nature"  is  a  term  most  fre- 
quently used  and  yet  but  little  understood. 
The  average  person  knows  in  a  general  way 
what  he  and  others  mean  when  this  term  is 
employed,  but  very  few  are  able  to  give  an 
off-hand  definition  of  the  term  or  to  state 
what  in  their  opinion  constitutes  the  real  es- 
sence of  the  thought  expressed  by  the  famil- 
iar phrase.  We  are  of  the  opinion  that  the 
first  step  in  the  process  of  correct  under- 
standing of  any  subject  is  that  of  acquaint- 
ance with  its  principal  terms,  and,  so,  we 
shall  begin  our  consideration  of  the  subject 
of  Human  Nature  by  an  examination  of  the 
term  used  to  express  the  idea  itself. 

" Human,"  of  course,  means  "of  or  per- 
taining to  man  or  mankind."  Therefore, 
Human  Nature  means  the  nature  of  man  or 
mankind.  "Nature,"  in  this  usage,  means: 
' '  The  natural  disposition  of  mind  of  any  per- 
son; temper;  personal  character;  individual 


10  Human  Nature 

constitution;  the  peculiar  mental  character- 
istics and  attributes  which  serve  to  distin- 
guish one  person  from  another." 

Thus  we  see  that  the  essence  of  the  nature 
of  men,  or  of  a  particular  human  being,  is 
the  mind,  the  mental  qualities,  characteris- 
tics, properties  and  attributes.  Human 
Nature  is  then  a  phase  of  psychology  and 
subject  to  the  laws,  principles  and  meth- 
ods of  study,  examination  and  consideration 
of  that  particular  branch  of  science. 

But  while  the  general  subject  of  psychology 
includes  the  consideration  of  the  inner  work- 
ings of  the  mind,  the  processes  of  thought, 
the  nature  of  feeling,  and  the  oj)eration  of 
the  will,  the  special  subject  of  Human  Na- 
ture is  concerned  only  with  the  question  of 
character,  disposition,  temperament,  per- 
sonal attributes,  etc.,  of  the  individuals  mak- 
ing up  the  race  of  man.  Psychology  is  gen- 
eral—Human Nature  is  particular.  Psychol- 
ogy is  more  or  less  abstract— Human  Nature 
is  concrete.  Psychology  deals  with  laws, 
causes  and  principles— Human  Nature  deals 
with  effects,  manifestations,  and  expressions. 

Human  Nature  expresses  itself  in  two  gen- 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         11 

eral  phases,  i.e.,  (1)  the  phase  of  Inner 
States;  and  (2)  the  phase  of  Outer  Forms. 
These  two  phases,  however,  are  not  separate 
or  opposed  to  each  other,  but  are  complemen- 
tary aspects  of  the  same  thing.  There  is  al- 
ways an  action  and  reaction  between  the  In- 
ner State  and  the  Outer  Form— between  the 
Inner  Feeling  and  the  Outer  Expression.  If 
we  know  the  particular  Inner  State  we  may 
infer  the  appropriate  Outer  Form ;  and  if  we 
know  the  Outer  Form  we  may  infer  the  In- 
ner State. 

That  the  Inner  State  affects  the  Outer 
Form  is  a  fact  generally  acknowledged  by 
men,  for  it  is  in  strict  accordance  with  the 
general  experience  of  the  race.  We  know 
that  certain  mental  states  will  result  in  im- 
parting to  the  countenance  certain  lines  and 
expressions  appropriate  thereto;  certain  pe- 
culiarities of  carriage  and  manner,  voice  and 
demeanor.  The  facial  characteristics,  man- 
ner, walk,  voice  and  gestures  of  the  miser  will 
be  recognized  as  entirely  different  from  that 
of  the  generous  person ;  those  of  the  coward 
differ  materially  from  those  of  the  brave 
man ;  those  of  the  vain  are  distinguished  from 


12  Human  Nature 

those  of  the  modest.  We  know  that  certain 
mental  attitudes  will  produce  the  correspond- 
ing physical  expressions  of  a  smile,  a  frown, 
an  open  hand,  a  clenched  fist,  an  erect  spine 
or  bowed  shoulders,  respectively.  We  also 
know  that  certain  feelings  will  cause  the  eye 
to  sparkle  or  grow  dim,  the  voice  to  become 
resonant  and  positive  or  to  become  husky  and 
weak ;  according  to  the  nature  of  the  feelings. 

Prof.  Wm.  James  says:  "What  kind  of 
emotion  of  fear  would  be  left  if  the  feeling 
neither  of  trembling  lips  nor  of  weakened 
limbs,  neither  of  goose-flesh  nor  of  visceral 
stirrings,  were  present,  it  is  quite  impossible 
for  me  to  think.  Can  one  fancy  the  state  of 
rage  and  picture  no  ebullition  in  the  chest,  no 
flushing  of  the  face,  no  dilation  of  the  nostrils, 
no  clenching  of  the  teeth,  no  impulse  to  vigor- 
ous action,  but  in  their  stead  limp  muscles, 
calm  breathing,  and  a  placid  face  ? ' ' 

Prof.  Halleck  «ays:  "All  the  emotions 
have  well-defined  muscular  expression.  Dar- 
win has  written  an  excellent  work  entitled, 
The  Expression  of  the  Emotions  in  Man  and 
Animals,  to  which  students  must  refer  for  a 
detailed  account  of  such  expression.    A  very 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         13 

few  examples  must  suffice  here.  In  all  the  ex- 
hilarating emotions,  the  eyebrows,  the  eye- 
lids, the  nostrils,  and  the  angles  of  the  mouth 
are  raised.  In  the  depressing  passions  it  is 
the  reverse.  This  general  statement  conveys 
so  much  truth,  that  a  careful  observer  can 
read  a  large  part  of  the  history  of  a  human 
being  written  in  the  face.  For  this  reason 
many  phrenologists  have  wisely  turned  phys- 
iognomists. Grief  is  expressed  by  raising 
the  inner  ends  of  the  eyebrows,  drawing 
down  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  and  trans- 
versely wrinkling  the  middle  part  of  the  fore- 
head. In  Terra  del  Fuego,  a  party  of  na- 
tives conveyed  to  Darwin  the  idea  that  a  cer- 
tain man  was  low-spirited,  by  pulling  down 
their  cheeks  in  order  to  make  their  faces 
long.  Joy  is  expressed  by  drawing  back- 
ward and  upward  the  corners  of  the  mouth. 
The  upper  lip  rises  and  draws  the  cheeks  up- 
ward, forming  wrinkles  under  the  eyes.  The 
elevation  of  the  upper  lip  and  the  nostrils  ex- 
presses contempt.  A  skillful  observer  can 
frequently  tell  if  one  person  admires  another. 
In  this  case  the  eyebrows  are  raised,  disclos- 
ing a  brightening  eye  and  a  relaxed  expres- 
sion; sometimes  a  gentle  smile  plays  about 


14  Human  Nature 

the  mouth.  Blushing  is  merely  the  physical 
expression  of  certain  emotions.  We  notice 
the  expression  of  emotion  more  in  the  counte- 
nance, because  the  effects  are  there  more 
plainly  visible ;  but  the  muscles  of  the  entire 
body,  the  vital  organs,  and  the  viscera,  are 
also  vehicles  of  expression." 

These  things  need  but  a  mention  in  order 
to  be  recognized  and  admitted.  This  is  the 
action  of  the  Inner  upon  the  Outer.  There 
is,  however,  a  reaction  of  the  Outer  upon  the 
Inner,  which  while  equally  true  is  not  so  gen- 
erally recognized  nor  admitted,  and  we  think 
it  well  to  briefly  call  your  attention  to  the 
same,  for  the  reason  that  this  correspondence 
between  the  Inner  and  the  Outer— this  reac- 
tion as  well  as  the  action— must  be  appre- 
ciated in  order  that  the  entire  meaning  and 
content  of  the  subject  of  Human  Nature  may 
be  fully  grasped. 

That  the  reaction  of  the  Outer  Form  upon 
the  Inner  State  may  be  understood,  we  ask 
you  to  consider  the  following  opinions  of 
well-known  and  accepted  authorities  of  the 
New  Psychology,  regarding  the  established 
fact  that  a  physical  expression  related  to  a 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         15 

mental  state,  will,  if  voluntarily  induced, 
tend  to  in  turn  induce  the  mental  state  ap- 
propriate to  it.  We  have  used  these  quota- 
tions in  other  books  of  this  series,  but  will 
insert  them  here  in  this  place  because  they 
have  a  direct  bearing  upon  the  particular  sub- 
ject before  us,  and  because  they  furnish  di- 
rect and  unquestioned  authority  for  the 
statements  just  made  by  us.  We  ask  you  to 
consider  them  carefully,  for  they  express  a 
most  important  truth. 

Prof.  Halleck  says:  "By  inducing  an  ex- 
pression we  can  often  cause  its  allied  emo- 
tion. .  .  .  Actors  have  frequently  testi- 
fied to  the  fact  that  emotion  will  arise  if  they 
go  through  the  appropriate  muscular  move- 
ments. In  talking  to  a  character  on  the  stage, 
if  they  clench  the  fist  and  frown,  they  often 
find  themselves  becoming  really  angry;  if 
they  start  with  counterfeit  laughter,  they  find 
themselves  growing  cheerful.  A  German 
professor  says  that  he  cannot  walk  with  a 
schoolgirl's  mincing  step  and  air  without 
feeling  frivolous." 

Prof.  Wm.  James  says:  "Whistling  to 
keep  up  courage  is  no  mere  figure  of  speech. 


16  Human  Nature 

On  the  other  hand,  sit  all  day  in  a  moping 
posture,  sigh,  and  reply  to  everything  with 
a  dismal  voice,  and  your  melancholy  lingers. 
If  we  wish  to  conquer  undesirable  emotional 
tendencies  in  ourselves,  we  must  assiduously, 
and  in  the  first  instance  coldbloodedly,  go 
through  the  outward  movements' of  those  con- 
trary dispositions  which  we  wish  to  cultivate. 
Smooth  the  brow,  brighten  the  eye,  contract 
the  dorsal  rather  than  the  ventral  aspect  of 
the  frame,  and  speak  in  a  major  key,  pass  the 
genial  compliment,  and  your  heart  must  in- 
deed be  frigid  if  it  does  not  gradually  thaw/' 
Dr.  Wood  Hutchinson,  says:  "To  what 
extent  muscular  contractions  condition  emo- 
tions, as  Prof.  James  has  suggested,  may  be 
easily  tested  by  a  quaint  and  simple  little  ex- 
periment upon  a  group  of  the  smallest  volun- 
tary muscles  of  the  body,  those  that  move 
the  eyeball.  Choose  some  time  when  you  are 
sitting  quietly  in  your  room,  free  from  all 
disturbing  influences.  Then  stand  up,  and 
assuming  an  easy  position,  cast  the  eyes  up- 
ward and  hold  them  in  that  position  for 
thirty  seconds.  Instantly  and  involuntarily 
you  will  be  conscious  of  a  tendency  toward 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         17 

reverential,  devotional,  contemplative  ideas 
and  thoughts.  Then  turn  the  eyes  sideways, 
glancing  directly  to  the  right  or  to  the  left, 
through  half-closed  lids.  Within  thirty  sec- 
onds images  of  suspicion,  of  uneasiness,  or  of 
dislike  will  rise  unbidden  to  the  mind.  Turn 
the  eyes  on  one  side  and  slightly  downward, 
and  suggestions  of  jealousy  or  coquetry  will 
be  apt  to  spring  unbidden.  Direct  your  gaze 
downward  toward  the  floor,  and  you  are 
likely  to  go  off  into  a  fit  of  reverie  or  ab- 
straction." 

Prof.  Maudsley  says:  "The  specific  mus- 
cular action  is  not  merely  an  exponent  of  pas- 
sion, but  truly  an  essential  part  of  it.  If  we 
try  while  the  features  are  fixed  in  the  expres- 
sion of  one  passion  to  call  up  in  the  mind  a 
different  one,  we  shall  find  it  impossible  to  do 
so." 

We  state  the  fact  of  the  reaction  of  the 
Outer  upon  the  Inner,  with  its  supporting 
quotations  from  the  authorities,  not  for  the 
purpose  of  instructing  our  readers  in  the  art 
of  training  the  emotions  by  means  of  the 
physical,  for  while  this  subject  is  highly  im- 
portant, it  forms  no  part  of  the  particular 


18  Human  Nature 

subject  under  our  present  consideration— but 
that  the  student  may  realize  the  close  rela- 
tionship existing  between  the  Inner  State  and 
the  Outer  Form.  These  two  elements  or 
phases,  in  their  constant  action  and  reaction, 
manifest  the  phenomena  of  Human  Nature, 
and  a  knowledge  of  each,  and  both  give  to  us 
the  key  which  will  open  for  us  the  door  of  the 
understanding  of  Human  Nature. 

Let  us  now  call  your  attention  to  an  illus- 
tration which  embodies  both  principles— that 
of  the  Inner  and  the  Outer— and  the  action 
and  reaction  between  them,  as  given  by  that 
master  of  subtle  ratiocination,  Edgar  Allan 
Poe.  Poe  in  his  story  "The  Purloined  Let- 
ter" tells  of  a  boy  at  school  who  attained 
great  proficiency  in  the  game  of  "even  or 
odd"  in  which  one  player  strives  to  guess 
whether  the  marbles  held  in  the  hand  of  his 
opponent  are  odd  or  even.  The  boy's  plan 
was  to  gauge  the  intelligence  of  his  opponent 
regarding  the  matter  of  making  changes,  and 
as  Poe  says:  "this  lay  in  mere  observation 
and  admeasurement  of  the  astuteness  of  his 
opponents."  Poe  describes  the  process  as  fol- 
lows:   "For  example,  an  arrant  simpleton  is 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         19 

his  opponent,  and,  holding  up  his  closed 
hand,  asks,  'are  they  even  or  odd?'  Our 
schoolboy  replies,  'odd,'  and  loses;  but  upon 
the  second  trial  he  wins,  for  he  then  says  to 
himself,  'the  simpleton  had  them  even  upon 
the  first  trial,  and  his  amount  of  cunning  is 
just  sufficient  to  make  him  have  them  odd 
upon  the  second ;  I  will  therefore  guess  odd ; ' 
—he  guesses  and  wins.  Now,  with  a  simple- 
ton a  degree  above  the  first,  he  would  have 
reasoned  thus :  '  This  fellow  finds  that  in  the 
first  instance  I  guessed  odd,  and,  in  the 
second,  he  will  propose  to  himself  upon  the 
first  impulse,  a  simple  variation  from  even  to 
odd,  as  did  the  first  simpleton;  but  then  a 
second  thought  will  suggest  that  this  is  too 
simple  a  variation,  and  finally  he  will  decide 
upon  putting  it  even  as  before.  I  will  there- 
fore guess  even;'  he  guesses  even  and  wins.'' 
Poe  continues  by  stating  that  this  "is 
merely  an  identification  of  the  reasoner's  in- 
tellect with  that  of  his  opponent.  Upon  in- 
quiring of  the  boy  by  what  means  he  effected 
the  thorough  identification  in  which  his  suc- 
cess consisted,  I  received  answer  as  follows: 
'When  I  wish  to  find  out  how  wise,  or  how 


20  Human  Nature 

stupid,  or  how  good,  or  how  wicked  is  any  one, 
or  what  are  his  thoughts  at  the  moment,  7 
fashion  the  expression  of  my  face,  as  accu- 
rately as  possible  in  accordance  with  the  ex- 
pression of  his,  and  then  wait  to  see  what 
thoughts  or  sentiments  arise  in  my  mind  or 
heart,  as  if  to  match  or  correspond  with  the 
expression/  This  response  of  the  school  boy 
lies  at  the  bottom  of  all  the  spurious  pro- 
fundity which  has  been  attributed  to  Roche- 
foucauld, to  La  Bougive,  to  Machiavelli,  and 
to  Campanella." 

In  this  consideration  of  Human  Nature  we 
shall  have  much  to  say  about  the  Outer  Form. 
But  we  must  ask  the  reader  to  always  remem- 
ber that  the  Outer  Form  is  always  the  expres- 
sion and  manifestation  of  the  Inner  State,  be 
that  Inner  State  latent  and  dormant  within 
the  depths  of  the  subconscious  mentality,  or 
else  active  and  dynamic  in  conscious  expres- 
sion. Just  as  Prof.  James  so  strongly  in- 
sists, we  cannot  imagine  an  inner  feeling  or 
emotion  without  its  corresponding  outward 
physical  expression,  so  is  it  impossible  to 
imagine  the  outward  expressions  generally 
associated  with  a  particular  feeling  or  emo- 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         21 

tion  without  its  corresponding  inner  state. 
Whether  or  not  one  of  these,  the  outer  or  in- 
ner, is  the  cause  of  the  other— and  if  so,  which 
one  is  the  cause  and  which  the  effect— need 
not  concern  us  here.  In  fact,  it  would  seem 
more  reasonable  to  accept  the  theory  that 
they  are  correlated  and  appear  simultane- 
ously. Many  careful  thinkers  have  held  that 
action  and  reaction  are  practically  the  same 
thing— merely  the  opposite  phases  of  the 
same  fact.  If  this  be  so,  then  indeed  when 
we  are  studying  the  Outer  Form  of  Human 
Nature  we  are  studying  psychology  just  as 
much  as  when  we  are  studying  the  Inner 
States.  Prof.  Wm.  James  in  his  works  upon 
psychology  insists  upon  the  relevancy  of  the 
consideration  of  the  outward  expressions  of 
the  inner  feeling  and  emotion,  as  we  have 
seen.  The  same  authority  speaks  even  more 
emphatically  upon  this  phase  of  the  subject, 
as  follows : 

"The  feeling,  in  the  coarser  emotions,  re- 
sults from  the  bodily  expression.  .  .  . 
My  theory  is  that  the  bodily  changes  follow 
directly  the  perception  of  the  exciting  fact, 
and  that  our  feeling  of  the  same  changes  as 


22  Human  Nature 

they  occur  is  the  emotion.  .  .  .  Particu- 
lar perceptions  certainly  do  produce  wide- 
spread bodily  effects  by  a  sort  of  immediate 
physical  influence,  antecedent  to  the  arousal 
of  an  emotion  or  emotional  idea.  .  .  . 
Every  one  of  the  bodily  changes,  whatsoever 
it  may  be,  is  felt,  acutely  or  obscurely,  the 
moment  it  occurs.  .  .  .  If  we  fancy  some 
strong  emotion,  and  then  try  to  abstract 
from  our  consciousness  of  it  all  the  feelings 
of  its  bodily  symptoms,  we  have  nothing  left 
behind.  ...  A  disembodied  human  emo- 
tion is  a  sheer  nonentity.  I  do  not  say  that 
it  is  a  contradiction  in  the  nature  of  things, 
or  that  pure  spirits  are  necessarily  con- 
demned to  cold  intellectual  lives;  but  I  sav 
that  for  us  emotion  disassociated  from  all 
bodily  feeling  is  inconceivable.  The  more 
closely  I  scrutinize  my  states,  the  more  per- 
suaded I  become  that  whatever  'coarse'  af- 
fections and  passions  I  have  are  in  very  truth 
constituted  by,  and  made  up  of,  those  bodily 
changes  which  we  ordinarily  call  their  ex- 
pression or  consequence.  .  .  .  But  our 
emotions  must  always  be  inwardly  what  they 
are,    whatever    may    be    the    physiological 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form        23 

ground  of  their  apparition.  If  they  are  deep, 
pure,  worthy,  spiritual  facts  on  any  con- 
ceivable theory  of  their  physiological  source, 
they  remain  no  less  deep,  pure,  spiritual,  and 
worthy  of  regard  on  this  present  sensational 
theory." 

Kay  says:  ''Does  the  mind  or  spirit  of 
man,  whatever  it  may  be,  in  its  actings  in 
and  through  the  body,  leave  a  material  im- 
pression or  trace  in  its  structure  of  every 
conscious  action  it  performs,  which  remains 
permanently  fixed,  and  forms  a  material 
record  of  all  that  it  has  done  in  the  body,  to 
which  it  can  afterward  refer  as  to  a  book  and 
recall  to  mind,  making  it  again,  as  it  were, 
present  to  it?  .  .  .  We  find  nature  every- 
where around  us  recording  its  movements 
and  marking  the  changes  it  has  undergone 
in  material  forms,— in  the  crust  of  the  earth, 
the  composition  of  the  rocks,  the  structure  of 
the  trees,  the  conformation  of  our  bodies, 
and  those  spirits  of  ours,  so  closely  connected 
with  our  material  bodies,  that  so  far  as  we 
know,  they  can  think  no  thought,  perform  no 
action,  without  their  presence  and  co-opera- 
tion, may  have  been  so  joined  in  order  to  pre- 


24  Human  Nature 

serve  a  material  and  lasting  record  of  all  that 
they  think  and  do." 

Marsh  says:  "Every  human  movement, 
every  organic  act,  every  volition,  passion,  or 
emotion,  every  intellectual  process,  is  accom- 
panied with  atomic  disturbance."  Picton 
says :  ' '  The  soul  never  does  one  single  action 
by  itself  apart  from  some  excitement  of  bod- 
ily tissue."  Emerson  says:  "The  rolling  rock 
leaves  its  scratches  on  the  mountain;  the 
river  its  channel  in  the  soil;  the  animal  its 
bones  in  the  stratum ;  the  fern  and  leaf  their 
modest  epitaph  in  the  coal.  The  falling  drop 
makes  its  sculpture  in  the  sand  or  stone. 
.  .  .  The  ground  is  all  memoranda  and 
signatures,  and  every  object  covered  over 
with  hints  which  speak  to  the  intelligent.  In 
nature  this  self-registration  is  incessant." 
Morell  says:  "The  mind  depends  for  the 
manifestation  of  all  its  activities  upon  a  ma- 
terial organism."  Bain  says:  "The  organ 
of  the  mind  is  not  the  brain  by  itself ;  it  is  the 
brain,  nerve,  muscles,  organs  of  sense,  vis- 
cera. .  .  .  It  is  uncertain  how  far  even 
thought,  reminiscence,  or  the  emotions  of  the 
past  and  absent  could  be  sustained  without 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         25 

the  more  distant  communication  between  the 
brain  and  the  rest  of  the  body. ' '  And,  thus, 
as  we  consider  the  subject  carefully  we  see 
that  psychology  is  as  much  concerned  with 
the  physical  manifestations  of  the  mental  im- 
pulses and  states  as  with  the  metaphysical 
aspect  of  those  states— as  much  with  the 
Outer  Form  as  with  the  Inner  State— for  it  is 
practically  impossible  to  permanently  sep- 
arate them. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  physical  accom- 
paniment or  Outer  Form,  of  the  psychical 
feeling  or  Inner  State,  the  following  quota- 
tion from  Darwin's  "Origin  of  the  Emo- 
tions," will  well  serve  the  purpose: 

"Fear  is  often  preceded  by  astonishment, 
and  is  so  far  akin  to  it  that  both  lead  to  the 
senses  of  sight  and  hearing  being  instantly 
aroused.  In  both  cases  the  eyes  and  mouth 
are  widely  opened  and  the  eyebrows  raised. 
The  frightened  man  at  first  stands  like  a 
statue,  motionless  and  breathless,  or  crouches 
down  as  if  instinctively  to  escape  observa- 
tion. The  heart  beats  quickly  and  violently, 
so  that  it  palpitates  or  knocks  against  the 
ribs ;  but  it  is  very  doubtful  if  it  then  works 


26  Human  Nature 

more  efficiently  than  usual,  so  as  to  send  a 
greater  supply  of  blood  to  all  parts  of  the 
body ;  for  the  skin  instantly  becomes  pale  as 
during  incipient  faintness.  This  paleness  of 
the  surface,  however,  is  probably  in  large 
part,  or  is  exclusively,  due  to  the  vaso-motor 
centre  being  affected  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
cause  the  contraction  of  the  small  arteries  of 
the  skin.  That  the  skin  is  much  affected 
under  the  sense  of  great  fear,  we  see  in  the 
marvelous  manner  in  which  perspiration  im- 
mediately exudes  from  it.  This  exudation  is 
all  the  more  remarkable,  as  the  surface  is 
then  cold,  and  hence  the  term,  a  cold  sweat ; 
whereas  the  sudorific  glands  are  properly 
excited  into  action  when  the  surface  is  heated. 
The  hairs  also  on  the  skin  stand  erect,  and 
the  superficial  muscles  shiver.  In  connection 
with  the  disturbed  action  of  the  heart  the 
breathing  is  hurried.  The  salivary  glands 
act  imperfectly ;  the  mouth  becomes  dry  and 
is  often  opened  and  shut.  I  have  noticed 
that  under  slight  fear  there  is  a  strong  ten- 
dency to  yawn.  One  of  the  best  marked 
symptoms  is  the  trembling  of  all  the  muscles 
of  the  body ;  and  this  is  often  seen  in  the  lips. 


Inner  State  and  Outer  Form         27 

From  this  cause,  and  from  the  dryness  of  the 
mouth,  the  voice  becomes  husky  or  indistinct 
or  may  altogether  fail.  ...  As  fear  in- 
creases into  an  agony  of  terror,  we  behold, 
as  under  all  violent  emotions,  diversified  re- 
sults. The  heart  beats  wildly  or  fails  to  act 
and  faintness  ensues;  there  is  a  death-like 
pallor;  the  breathing  is  labored;  the  wings 
of  the  nostrils  are  widely  dilated;  there  is  a 
gasping  and  convulsive  motion  of  the  lips ;  a 
tremor  of  the  hollow  cheek,  a  gulping  and 
catching  of  the  throat;  the  uncovered  and 
protruding  eyeballs  are  fixed  on  the  object 
of  terror;  or  they  may  roll  restlessly  from 
side  to  side.  The  pupils  are  said  to  be  enor- 
mously dilated.  All  the  muscles  of  the  body 
may  become  rigid  or  may  be  thrown  into  con- 
vulsive movements.  The  hands  are  alterna- 
tely clenched  and  opened,  often  with  a  twitch- 
ing movement.  The  arms  may  be  protruded 
as  if  to  avert  some  dreadful  danger,  or  may 
be  thrown  wildly  over  the  head.  The  Rev. 
Mr.  Hagenauer  has  seen  this  latter  action  in 
a  terrified  Australian.  In  other  cases  there 
is  a  sudden  and  uncontrolled  tendency  to 
headlong  flight;  and  so  strong  is  this  that  the 


28  Human  Nature 

boldest  soldiers  may  be  seized  with  a  sudden 
panic." 

In  conclusion,  let  us  say  that  just  as  the 
above  striking  description  of  the  master- 
scientist,  Darwin,  shows  us  that  the  particu- 
lar emotion  has  its  outer  manifestations— 
the  particular  Inner  State  its  Outer  Form- 
so  has  the  general  character  of  the  person  its 
outer  manifestation,  and  Outer  Form.  And, 
just  as  to  the  eye  of  the  experienced  observer 
at  a  distance  (even  in  the  case  of  a  photo- 
graphic representation,  particularly  in  the 
case  of  a  moving  picture)  may  recognize  the 
Inner  State  from  the  Outer  Form  of  the  feel- 
ing or  emotion,  so  may  the  experienced 
character  reader  interpret  the  whole  char- 
acter of  the  person  from  the  Outer  Form 
thereof.  The  two  interpretations  are  based 
on  exactly  the  same  general  principles.  The 
inner  thought  and  feeling  manifest  in  the 
outer  physical  form.  He  who  learns  the  al- 
phabet of  Outer  Form  may  read  page  after 
page  of  the  book  of  Human  Nature. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  INNER  PHASE  :      CHARACTER 

Do  you  know  what  " character"  is?  The 
word  itself,  in  its  derivation  and  original 
usage,  means:  "a  stamp,  mark  or  sign,  en- 
graved or  stamped."  As  time  passed  the 
term  was  applied  to  the  personal  peculiarities 
of  individuals,  and  was  defined  as:  "the  per- 
sonal qualities  or  attributes  of  a  person ;  the 
distinguishing  traits  of  a  person.  Later  the 
term  was  extended  to  mean:  "the  part  en- 
acted by  anyone  in  a  play."  In  the  common 
usage  of  the  term  we  seek  to  convey  an  idea  in 
which  each  and  all  of  the  above  stated  mean- 
ings are  combined.  A  man's  character  is  the 
result  of  impressions  made  upon  his  own 
mind,  or  those  of  the  race.  It  is  also  the 
sum  of  his  personal  qualities  and  attributes. 
It  is  also,  in  a  sense,  the  part  he  plays  in  the 
great  drama  of  life. 

Each  man's  character  has  its  inner  phase 
consisting  of  the  accumulated  impressions  of 
the  past  which  seek  to  manifest  in  the  pres- 
ent.    And,  likewise,   the  character   of  each 

29 


30  Human  Nature 

man  manifests  in  an  outer  phase  of  form, 
mark,  and  stamp  of  personality.  There  are 
no  two  characters  precisely  alike.  There  is 
an  infinite  possibility  of  combination  of  the 
elements  that  go  to  make  up  character.  This 
is  accordance  with  what  appears  to  be  a  uni- 
versal law  of  nature,  for  there  are  no  two 
blades  of  grass  exactly  alike,  nor  two  grains 
of  sand  bearing  an  exact  resemblance  to  each 
other.  Nature  seems  to  seek  after  and  to 
manifest  variety  of  form  and  quality.  But, 
still,  just  as  we  may  classify  all  things,  ani- 
mate and  inanimate,  into  general  classes  and 
then  into  subordinate  ones— each  genus  and 
each  species  having  its  particular  character- 
istics, qualities  and  attributes,  so  we  may,  and 
do,  classify  human  character  into  general 
classes  and  then  into  particular  subdivisions 
into  which  each  individual  is  found  to  fit. 
This  fact  makes  it  possible  for  us  to  study 
Human  Nature  as  a  science. 

The  character  of  each  individual  is  held  to 
be  the  result  of  the  impressions  made  upon 
the  plastic  material  of  the  mind,  either  in  the 
form  of  past  impressions  upon  his  ancestors 
or  of  past  impressions  received  by  the  indi- 


The  Inner  Phase:     Character        31 

vidual.  The  past  impressions  reach  him 
through  the  channel  of  heredity,  while  the 
personal  impressions  come  to  him  through 
environment.  But  by  heredity  we  do  not 
mean  the  transmission  of  the  personal  char- 
acteristics of  one's  parents  or  even  grand- 
parents, but  something  far  deeper  and 
broader.  We  believe  that  one  inherits  far 
less  of  the  qualities  of  one's  parents  than  is 
generally  believed.  But,  we  believe  that 
much  that  goes  to  make  up  our  character  is 
derived  from  the  associated  qualities  and  im- 
pressions of  many  generations  of  ancestors. 
Inasmuch  as  each  individual  contains  within 
him  the  transmitted  qualities  of  nearly  every 
individual  who  lived  several  thousand  years 
ago,  it  may  be  said  that  each  individual  is 
an  heir  to  the  accumulated  impressions  of  the 
race,  which  however  form  in  an  infinite 
variety  of  combinations,  the  result  being  that 
although  the  root  of  the  race  is  the  same  yet 
each  individual  differs  in  combination  from 
each  other  individual.  As  Luther  Burbank 
has  said:  " Heredity  means  much,  but  what 
is  heredity?  Not  some  hideous  ancestral 
specter,  forever  crossing  the  path  of  a  human 


32  Human  Nature 

being.  Heredity  is  simply  the  sum  of  all  the 
effects  of  all  the  environments  of  all  past  gen- 
erations on  the  responsive  ever-moving  life- 
forces." 

The  records  of  the  past  environment  of 
the  race  are  stored  away  in  the  great  region 
of  the  subconscious  mentality,  from  whence 
they  arise  in  response  to  the  call  of  some  at- 
tractive object  of  thought  or  perception,  al- 
ways, however,  modified  and  restrained  by 
the  opposite  characteristics.  As  Prof.  Elmer 
Gates  has  said:  "At  least  ninety  per  cent  of 
our  mental  life  is  sub-conscious.  If  you  will 
analyze  your  mental  operations  you  will  find 
that  conscious  thinking  is  never  a  continu- 
ous line  of  consciousness,  but  a  series  of  con- 
scious data  with  great  intervals  of  subcon- 
sciousness. We  sit  and  try  to  solve  a  prob- 
lem and  fail.  We  walk  around,  try  again  and 
fail.  Suddenly  an  idea  dawns  that  leads  to 
a  solution  of  the  problem.  The  sub-conscious 
processes  were  at  work.  We  do  not  volition- 
ally  create  our  own  thinking.  It  takes  place 
in  us.  We  are  more  or  less  passive  recip- 
ients.    We  cannot  change  the  nature   of  a 


The  Inner  Phase:     Character        33 

thought,  or  of  a  truth,  but  we  can,  as  it  were, 
guide  the  ship  by  a  moving  of  the  helm." 

But  character  is  dependent  upon  race  in- 
heritance only  for  its  raw  materials,  which 
are  then  worked  into  shape  by  the  influence 
of  environment  and  by  the  will  of  the  indi- 
vidual. A  man's  environment  is,  to  some  ex- 
tent at  least,  dependent  upon  the  will.  A  man 
may  change  his  environment,  and  by  the  use 
of  his  will  he  may  overcome  many  inherited 
tendencies.  As  Halleck  well  says:  "Hered- 
ity is  a  powerful  factor,  for  it  supplies  raw 
material  for  the  will  to  shape.  Even  the  will 
cannot  make  anything  without  material.  Will 
acts  through  choice,  and  some  kinds  of  en- 
vironment afford  far  more  opportunities  for 
choice  than  others.  Shakespeare  found  in 
London  the  germ  of  true  theatrical  taste,  al- 
ready vivified  by  a  long  line  of  miracle  plays, 
moralities  and  interludes.  In  youth  he  con- 
nected himself  with  the  theatre,  and  his  will 
responded  powerfully  to  his  environment. 
Some  surroundings  are  rich  in  suggestion, 
affording  opportunity  for  choice,  while  others 
are  poor.  The  will  is  absolutely  confined  to 
a    choice    between    alternatives.      Character 


34  Human  Nature 

then,  is  a  resultant  of  will  power,  heredity 
and  environment.  The  modern  tendency  is 
to  overestimate  the  effects  of  heredity  and 
environment  in  forming  character;  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  we  must  not  underestimate 
them.  The  child  of  a  Hottentot  put  in 
Shakespeare's  home,  and  afterward  sent 
away  to  London  with  him,  would  never  have 
made  a  Shakespeare ;  for  heredity  would  not 
have  given  the  will  sufficient  raw  material 
to  fashion  over  into  such  a  noble  product. 
We  may  also  suppose  a  case  to  show  the  great 
power  of  environment.  Had  a  band  of  gyp- 
sies stolen  Shakespeare  at  birth,  carried  him 
to  Tartary,  and  left  him  among  the  nomads, 
his  environment  would  never  have  allowed 
him  to  produce  such  plays  as  he  placed  upon 
the  English  stage." 

Many  persons  are  reluctant  to  admit  the 
effect  of  heredity  upon  character.  They  seem 
to  regard  heredity  as  the  idea  of  a  monster 
ruling  the  individual  with  an  iron  hand,  and 
with  an  emphasis  upon  undesirable  traits  of 
character.  Such  people  lose  sight  of  the  fact 
that  at  the  best  heredity  merely  supplies  us 
with  the  raw  material  of  character  rather 


The  Inner  Phase:     Character        35 

than  the  finished  product,  and  that  there  is 
much  good  in  this  raw  material.  We  receive 
our  inheritance  of  good  as  well  as  bad.  De- 
prive a  man  of  the  advantage  of  his  heredity, 
and  we  place  him  back  to  the  plane  of  the 
savage,  or  perhaps  still  lower  in  the  scale. 
Heredity  is  simply  the  shoulders  of  the  race 
affording  us  a  place  for  our  feet,  in  order 
that  we  may  rise  higher  than  those  who  lived 
before.  For  heredity,  substitute  evolution, 
and  we  may  get  a  clearer  idea  of  this  ele- 
ment of  character. 

As  for  environment,  it  is  folly  to  deny  its 
influence.  Take  two  young  persons  of  equal 
ability,  similar  tastes,  and  the  same  heredity, 
and  place  them  one  in  a  small  village,  and 
the  other  in  a  great  metropolis,  and  keep 
them  there  until  middle-age,  and  we  will  see 
the  influence  of  environment.  The  two  may 
be  equally  happy  and  contented,  and  may 
possess  the  same  degree  of  book-education, 
but,  nevertheless,  their  experiences  will  have 
been  so  different  that  the  character  of  the  two 
individuals  must  be  different.  In  the  same 
way,  place  the  two  young  persons,  one  in  the 
Whitechapel  district,  and  the  other  amidst 


36  Human  Nature 

the  best  surroundings  and  example,  and  see 
the  result.  Remember,  that  in  environment 
is  included  the  influence  of  other  persons. 
The  effect  of  environment  arises  from  Sug- 
gestion, that  great  moulding  and  creative 
principle  of  the  mind.  It  is  true  that,  "As  a 
man  thinketh,  so  is  he,"  but  a  man's  thoughts 
depend  materially  upon  the  associations  of 
environment,  experience,  and  suggestion. 
As  Ziehen  says :  "We  cannot  think  as  we  will, 
but  we  must  think  as  just  those  associations 
which  happen  to  be  present  prescribe." 

But,  without  going  further  into  the  ques- 
tion of  the  elements  which  go  toward  form- 
ing character,  let  us  take  our  position  firmly 
upon  the  fact  that  each  individual  is  stamped 
with  the  impression  of  a  special  character— 
a  character  all  his  own.  Each  has  his  own 
character  or  part  to  play  in  the  great  drama 
of  life.  The  character  of  some  seems  fixed 
and  unchangeable,  while  that  of  others  is  seen 
to  be  in  the  process  of  change.  But  in  either 
case  each  and  every  man  has  his  own  char- 
acter or  manifestation  of  Human  Nature,  in 
its  inner  and  outer  aspects.  And  each  in- 
dividual, while  in  a  sense  forming  a  special 
class  by  himself,  nevertheless  belongs  to  a 


The  Inner  Phase:     Character        37 

larger  class,  which  in  turn  is  a  part  of  a  still 
larger,  and  so  on. 

Instead  of  studying  the  philosophy  or 
metaphysics  of  character,  or  even  its  general 
psychology,  let  us  in  this  particular  volume 
devote  our  attention  to  the  elements  which 
go  to  form  the  character  of  each  and  every 
person,  so  that  we  may  understand  them 
when  we  meet  them  in  manifested  form. 
And  let  us  learn  the  Outer  Form  which  ac- 
company these  Inner  States. 

Upon  the  stage  of  Life  move  backward 
and  forward  many  characters,  each  having 
his  or  her  own  form,  manner  and  appearance, 
which  like  those  of  the  characters  upon  the 
mimic  stage,  may  be  recognized  if  we  will 
but  bestow  a  little  care  upon  the  subject.  The 
Othellos,  Hamlets,  Shylocks,  Iagos,  Richards, 
Lears,  and  the  rest  are  to  be  found  in  every- 
day life.  The  Micawbers,  Chuzzlewits, 
Twists,  and  the  rest  are  in  as  full  evidence 
on  the  streets  and  in  the  offices,  as  in  the 
books.  The  person  who  is  able  to  read  and 
interpret  Human  Nature  is  possessed  of  a 
knowledge  far  more  useful  to  him  than  that 
contained  within  the  covers  of  musty  books 
upon  impractical  subjects. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE   OUTER  PHASE:   PERSONALITY 

Just  as  character  is  the  inner  phase  of 
Human  Nature,  so  is  personality  its  outer 
phase.  To  many  the  two  terms  are  synony- 
mous, but  analysis  will  show  the  shades  of 
difference  between  them.  A  man's  character 
is  his  inner  self,  while  his  personality  is  the 
outward  indication  of  his  self.  The  word,  in 
this  sense,  is  defined  as:  "That  which  con-, 
stitutes  the  personal  traits  of  a  person,  as 
his  manner,  conduct,  habits,  appearance,  and 
other  observable   personal  peculiarities." 

The  word  is  derived  from  the  Latin  word, 
persona,  meaning,  "a  mask  used  by  play-ac- 
tors," which  in  turn  was  derived  from  the 
two  words  per,  meaning  "through,"  and 
sono,  meaning, ' '  to  sound, ' '  or  combined,  ' '  to 
sound  through."  And  the  derivation  of  the 
term  really  gives  us  an  idea  of  its  inner 
meaning,  for  the  personality  is  really  the 
mask  worn  by  the  character,  and  through 
which  it  sounds,  speaks,  or  manifests  itself, 
Jeremy  Taylor  once  said:  "No  man  can  long 

38 


The  Outer  Phase:     Personality      39 

put  on  person  and  act  a  part  but  his  evil  man- 
ners will  peep  through  the  corners  of  his 
white  robe."  Archbishop  Trench  once  said 
that  the  real  meaning  of  the  phrase,  "God  is 
no  respecter  of  persons"  is  that  the  Almighty 
cared  nothing  for  what  part  in  life  a  person 
plays,  but  how  he  plays  it.  The  old-time 
play-actor  was  wont  to  assume  a  mask  of  the 
features  of  the  part  he  played,  just  as  the 
modern  actor  "makes  up"  for  the  part  and 
walks,  speaks  and  acts  in  accordance  there- 
with. Whether  or  not  the  individual  be 
aware  of  the  fact,  Nature  furnishes  to  each 
his  mask  of  personality— his  persona— by 
which  those  who  understand  may  recognize 
the  part  he  plays,  or  his  character.  In  both 
the  inner  character,  and  the  outer  personal- 
ity, each  individual  struts  the  stage  of  life 
and  plays  his  part. 

The  mask  or  "make  up,"  of  personality, 
by  which  men  may  read  each  other's  charac- 
ter, is  evolved  and  developed  from  the  in- 
stinctive physical  expression  accompanying 
thought,  feeling  and  emotion.  Just  as  the 
frown  accompanying  the  feeling  of  annoy- 
ance or  anger  will,  if  repeated   sufficiently 


40  Human  Nature 

often,  become  fixed  upon  the  countenance  of 
the  man,  so  will  all  of  his  general  thoughts, 
feelings  and  emotions  register  themselves  in 
his  manner,  gait,  tone  of  voice,  carriage  and 
facial  expression.  Moreover,  his  inherited 
tendencies  will  show  themselves  in  the  same 
way. 

Professor  Wm.  James  says,  regarding  the 
genesis  of  emotional  reactions:  "How  come 
the  various  objects  which  excite  emotion  to 
produce  such  special  and  different  bodily  ef- 
fects ?  This  question  was  not  asked  till  quite 
recently,  but  already  some  interesting  sug- 
gestions toward  answering  it  have  been 
made.  Some  movements  of  expression  can 
be  accounted  for  as  weakened  repetitions  of 
movements  which  formerly  (when  they  were 
stronger)  were  of  utility  to  the  subject. 
Others  are  similarly  weakened  repetitions  of 
movements  which  under  other  conditions  were 
physiologically  necessary  concomitants  of  the 
useful  movements.  Of  the  latter  reactions,  the 
respiratory  disturbances  in  anger  and  fear 
might  be  taken  as  examples— organic  reminis- 
cences, as  it  were,  reverberations  in  imagina- 
tion of  the  blowings  of  the  man  making  a 


The  Outer  Phase:     Personality      41 

series  of  combative  efforts,  or  the  pantings 
of  one  in  precipitate  flight.  Such  at  least  is 
a  suggestion  made  by  Mr.  Spencer  which  has 
found  approval." 

Herbert  Spencer  says,  on  this  subject: 
To  have  in  a  slight  degree  such  psychical 
states  as  accompany  the  reception  of  wounds, 
and  are  experienced  during  flight,  is  to  be  in 
a  state  of  what  we  call  fear.  And  to  have  in 
a  slight  degree  such  psychical  states  as  the 
processes  of  catching,  killing,  and  eating  im- 
ply, is  to  have  the  desires  to  catch,  kill  and 
eat.  That  the  propensities  to  the  acts  are 
nothing  else  than  nascent  excitations  of  the 
psychical  state  involved  in  the  acts,  is  proved 
by  the  natural  language  of  the  propensities. 
Fear,  when  strong,  expresses  itself  in  cries,  in 
efforts  to  escape  in  palpitations,  in  trem- 
blings ;  and  these  are  just  the  manifestations 
that  go  along  with  an  actual  suffering  of  the 
evil  feared.  The  destructive  passion  is  shown 
in  a  general  tension  of  the  muscular  system, 
in  gnashing  of  teetn  and  protrusion  of  the 
claws,  in  dilated  eyes  and  nostrils  in  growls ; 
and  these  are  weaker  forms  of  the  actions 
that  accompany  the  killing  of  prey.    To  such 


42  Human  Nature 

objective  evidences  every  one  can  add  sub- 
jective evidences.  Everyone  can  testify  that 
the  psychical  state  called  fear  consists  of 
mental  representations  of  certain  painful  re- 
sults; and  that  the  one  called  anger  consists 
of  mental  representations  of  the  actions  and 
impressions  which  would  occur  while  inflict- 
ing some  kind  of  pain." 

Professor  Wm.  James  adds  the  following 
to  the  discussion:  "So  slight  a  symptom  as 
the  snarl  or  sneer,  the  one-sided  uncovering 
of  the  upper  teeth,  is  accounted  for  by  Dar- 
win as  a  survival  from  the  time  when  our 
ancestors  had  large  canines,  and  unfleshed 
him  (as  dogs  do  now)  for  attack.  Similarly 
the  raising  of  the  eyebrows  in  outward  at- 
tention, the  opening  of  the  mouth  in  astonish- 
ment, come,  according  to  the  same  author, 
from  the  utility  of  these  movements  in  ex- 
treme cases.  The  raising  of  the  eyebrows 
goes  with  the  opening  of  the  eye  for  better 
vision,  the  opening  of  th&  mouth  with  the  in- 
tensest  listening,  and  with  the  rapid  catch- 
ing of  the  breath  which  precedes  muscular 
effort.  The  distension  of  the  nostrils  in 
anger  is  interpreted  by  Spencer  as  an  echo 


The  Outer  Phase:     Personality      43 

of  the  wav  in  which  our  ancestors  had  to 
breathe  when,  during  combat,  their  'mouth 
was  filled  up  by  a  part  of  an  antagonists 's 
body  that  had  been  seized.'  The  trembling 
of  fear  is  supposed  by  Mantegazza  to  be  for 
the  sake  of  warming  the  blood.  The  redden- 
ing of  the  face  and  neck  is  called  by  Wundt 
a  compensatory  arrangement  for  relieving 
the  brain  of  the  blood-pressure  which  the 
simultaneous  excitement  of  the  heart  brings 
with  it.  The  effusion  of  tears  is  explained 
both  by  this  author  and  by  Darwin  to  be  a 
blood-withdrawing  agency  of  a  similar  sort. 
The  contraction  of  the  muscles  around  the 
eyes,  of  which  the  primitive  use  is  to  protect 
those  organs  from  being  too  much  gorged 
with  blood  during  the  screaming  fits  of  in- 
fancy, survives  in  adult  life  in  the  shape  of 
the  frown,  which  instantly  comes  over  the 
brow  when  anything  difficult  or  displeasing 
presents  itself  either  to  thought  or  action.' ' 
Thus,  it  will  be  seen,  the  fact  that  all  in- 
ward states  manifest  themselves  to  some  de- 
gree in  outward  physical  expression,  brings 
with  it  the  logical  inference  that  particular 
mental    states   when    habitually   manifested 


44  Human  Nature 

tend  to  fix  in  the  physical  organism  the  ex- 
pression associated  with  them.  As  "thoughts 
take  form  in  action,"  so  habitual  mental 
states  tend  to  register  traces  of  those  actions. 
A  piece  of  paper  folded  in  a  certain  way  sev- 
eral times  shows  plainly  the  marks  on  the  fold- 
ing. In  the  same  manner  the  creases  in  our 
clothing,  shoes  and  gloves,  show  the  marks 
of  our  personal  physical  form.  A  habitual 
mental  state  of  cheerfulness  is  accompanied 
by  a  frequent  exercise  of  the  muscles  express- 
ing the  physical  signs  of  that  feeling,  and 
finally  the  smile  wrinkles  are  formed  that  all 
may  read  them.  In  the  same  way  the  gloomy, 
pessimistic  mental  attitude  produces  the 
marks  and  wrinkles  showing  the  habit  of  fre- 
quent down-turning  of  the  corners  of  our 
mouths.  A  habitual  mental  attitude  of  sus- 
picion will  tend  to  impart  the  appearance  of 
the  "suspicious  peering"  to  our  eyes.  The 
mental  attitude  of  combativeness  will  like- 
wise give  us  the  traditional  set  jaw  and 
tightly  compressed  lips.  The  mental  attitude 
of  lack  of  self-respect  will  show  itself  in 
our  walk,  and  so,  in  the  opposite  manner  with 
the  mental  attitude  of  self-respect.     People 


The  Outer  Phase:    Personality      45 

grow  to   walk,   talk,  carry   themselves,   and 
"look  like"  their  habitual  mental  attitude. 

Dr.  A.  T.  Schofield,  says:  "  'He  is  a  dull 
scholar,'  it  is  said,  'who  cannot  read  a  man's 
character  even  from  a  back  view.'  Round  a 
statue  of  the  prince  Consort  in  Edinburgh 
stand  representative  groups  paying  homage 
to  him.  If  you  get  a  back  view  of  any  of 
these  you  can  see  unconscious  mind  impressed 
on  matter,  and  can  tell  at  once  the  sailor  or 
soldier,  peasant  or  scholar  or  workman. 
Look  at  the  body  and  face  of  a  man  when 
the  mind  is  gone.  Look  at  the  body  of  a  man 
who  has  lost  his  self-respect.  Look  at  the 
body  of  a  thief,  of  a  sot,  of  a  miser.  Compare 
the  faces  and  expressions  of  a  philanthropist, 
of  a  beggar,  of  a  policeman,  of  a  scholar,  of 
a  sailor,  of  a  lawyer,  of  a  doctor,  of  a  shop- 
walker, of  a  sandwich  man,  of  a  farmer,  of 
a  successful  manufacturer,  of  a  nurse,  of  a 
refined  girl,  of  a  servant,  of  a  barmaid,  of  a 
nun,  of  a  ballet  dancer,  of  an  art  student, 
and  answer  to  yourself  these  two  questions: 
First,  are  these  different  expressions  of  body 
and  face  due  essentially  to  physical  or 
psychical  causes?     And,  secondly,  do  these 


46  Human  Nature 

psychical  causes  act  on  the  facial  and  other 
muscles  in  consciousness  or  out  of  conscious- 
ness. The  only  possible  answers  to  these  two 
questions  leave  us  with  this  .fact,  were  no 
other  proof  possible,  that  we  each  have 
within  us  an  unconscious  psychical  power 
(here  called  the  unconscious  mind)  which  has 
sufficient  force  to  act  upon  the  body  and  dis- 
play psychical  conceptions  through  physical 
media." 

It  is  impossible  for  us  (at  least  by  any  of 
the  five  senses)  to  peer  into  the  mental  cham- 
ber of  other  men  and  there  read  the  record 
of  their  character,  or  to  interpret  the  com- 
bination of  Human  Nature  therein  moulded 
and  formed.  But  nevertheless  we  are  not 
balked  in  our  desire,  for  by  learning  to  inter- 
pret the  outward  signs  of  personality  we  may 
arrive  with  a  wonderful  degree  of  success  at 
an  understanding  of  the  character,  mind,  or 
Human  Nature  in  others.  From  the  seen 
Outer  we  may  deduce  the  unseen  Inner.  We 
may  discern  the  shape  of  that  which  is  con- 
cealed, by  observing  the  form  of  the  covering 
which  hides  it  from  sight.  The  body,  like  the 
fabled  veil  of  the  goddess,  "conceals  but  to 
reveal. ' ' 


CHAPTER  IV 


THE   TEMPERAMENTS 


The  student  of  Human  Nature  soon  dis- 
covers that  among  men,  as  among  the  ani- 
mals, there  is  to  be  observed  a  great  variety  of 
"quality,"  and  various  classes  of  "tempera- 
ment." Among  cattle  we  notice  great  differ- 
ences of  form  which  differences  indicate  cer- 
tain qualities  inherent  in  the  beast.  Certain 
qualities  are  recognized  by  their  outward 
forms  as  being  indicative  of  sturdiness,  stay- 
ing-qualities, strong  vitality,  etc.,  which  ren- 
der their  possessor  valuable  for  draught 
oxen.  Other  qualities  indicate  the  value  of 
another  animal  for  meat  producing.  Others, 
the  production  of  large  quantities  of  milk. 
Others,  prolific  breeding.  And,  so  on,  each 
set  of  qualities  being  recognized  by  its  out- 
ward form  and  being  taken  into  considera- 
tion by  breeders.  In  the  same  way,  breeders 
recognize  certain  qualities  in  horses  which 
they  take  advantage  of  in  breeding  for  the 
strength  of  draught  horses;  the  speed  of 
thoroughbred  runners  and  trotters;  the  docil- 

47 


48  Human  Nature 

ity  and  gentleness  of  driving  horses  and 
saddle  animals.  The  draught  horse  and  the 
thoroughbred  runner  or  trotter  may  be  easily 
distinguished  by  the  eye  of  the  average  per- 
son, while  it  requires  the  eye  of  the  expert 
to  distinguish  other  points  and  signs  of  qual- 
ity which  prove  the  existence  of  certain  traits 
of  temperament  in  the  animal.  The  same  is 
true  in  the  case  of  chickens  and  other  fowls. 
Some  types  are  adapted  for  laying,  others  for 
meat  purposes,  others  for  gameness,  etc. 
Not  only  the  physical  qualities  but  also  the 
temperamental  traits  of  the  beast  or  bird  are 
distinguished  by  the  expert,  and  are  taken 
advantage  of  in  breeding  to  develop  and 
evolve  the  indicated  trait  or  quality. 

Nearly  anyone  may  distinguish  the  tem- 
peramental difference  between  the  savage 
dog  and  the  affectionate  one— between  the 
vicious  horse  and  the  docile  one.  We  know 
at  once  that  certain  dogs  may  be  approached 
and  others  kept  at  a  distance— that  certain 
horses  are  safe  to  ride  or  drive,  and  that 
others  are  unsafe  and  dangerous.  A  visit  to 
a  horse  and  cattle  show,  or  a  poultry  and 
pigeon  exhibition,  will  show  even  the  most 


The  Temperaments  49 

skeptical  person  that  Inner  States  manifest 
in  Outer  Form.  And  a  little  further  study 
and  observation  will  show  that  what  is  true 
of  these  lower  animals  is  likewise  true  of  the 
human  being.  Men,  like  animals,  may  be  in- 
telligently and  scientifically  classified  accord- 
ing to  the  general  "quality"  or  "tempera- 
ment. ' '  While  each  individual  is  different  in 
a  way  from  every  other  individual,  neverthe- 
less, each  individual  belongs  to  a  certain  class 
and  may  be  labelled  accordingly.  A  few  out- 
ward signs  will  indicate  his  class,  and  we 
may  confidently  expect  that  he  will  manifest 
the  leading  qualities  of  that  particular  class. 

QUALITY 

The  first  classification  of  the  individuals 
of  the  human  race  is  that  of  Quality.  Inde- 
pendent of  the  various  temperaments,  al- 
though in  a  way  related  to  them,  we  find  the 
various  degrees  of  Quality  manifested  by  dif- 
ferent individuals.  "Quality"  may  be  de- 
fined as  the  "degree  of  fineness.''1  It  is  that 
which  we  call  "class"  in  race-horses; 
"breed"  in  other  animals  and  often  "blood" 
in  men  and  women.    Perhaps  one  may  under- 


50  Human  Natuee 

stand  the  classification  better  if  he  will  recall 
the  differences  apparent  between  the  mongrel 
cur  and  the  highbred  dog ;  the  ' '  scrub ' '  horse 
and  the  thoroughbred;  the  common  cow  and 
the  carefully  bred  Alderney  or  other  choice 
variety ;  the  ordinary  barnyard  fowl  and  the 
prize-winner  at  the  poultry  show.  It  is  an 
intangible  but  real  and  readily  recognized 
difference,  which  however  is  almost  impos- 
sible to  convey  by  words. 

Men  and  women  of  the  highest  Quality  are 
essentially  fine-grained,  possessed  of  fine 
feelings,  refined  natures,  high  tastes,  and 
manifest  the  signs  of  true  natural  refine- 
ment and  culture,  which  cannot  be  success- 
fully imitated  by  those  who  have  acquired 
merely  the  artificial  manner  and  the  outward 
polish.  One  may  possess  Quality  in  a  high 
degree  and  still  be  ignorant  of  the  forms  and 
little  manners  of  so-called  "polite  society," 
and  yet  will  be  recognized  as  one  of  "  Na- 
ture's noblemen,"  and  as  a  "natural  gentle- 
man. ' ' 

Descending  the  scale  we  find  lessening  de- 
grees of  the  manifestation  of  Quality,  until, 
finally  we  reach   the  lowest  degree   of  the 


The  Temperaments  51 

scale,  that  of  low  Quality.  In  this  lowest  de- 
gree we  find  individuals  showing  all  the  out- 
ward signs  of  being  coarse-grained,  vulgar, 
of  low  tastes,  brutal  instincts,  and  manifest- 
ing the  signs  of  lack  of  refinement  and  cul- 
ture. Persons  of  low  Quality  are  found  in 
all  walks  of  life.  Some  of  those  possessing 
wealth  and  education  belong  to  this  class, 
and  are  never  able  to  counterfeit  the  reality. 
Quality  is  a  matter  of  "soul,"  and  not  of 
wealth,  education  or  material  advantages.  A 
greyhound  and  a  hyena  give  us  animal  sym- 
bols of  Quality,  high  and  low. 

We  meet  many  instances  in  which  the  indi- 
vidual is  of  too  high  Quality  for  his  environ- 
ment, occupation  or  place  in  life.  Such  in- 
dividuals suffer  keenly  and  are  to  be  pitied. 
They  incline  toward  high  ideals  and  are 
wounded  and  discouraged  by  the  grossness 
which  they  see  on  all  sides.  Those  individ- 
uals of  an  average  degree  of  Quality  of 
course  fit  into  the  usual  environment  far 
better  than  those  above  or  below  them  in  the 
scale.  We  also  meet  individuals  of  low 
Quality  in  surroundings  in  which  they  are 
out  of  place — we  see  many  instances  of  "pigs 


52  Human  Nature 

in  the  parlor."  These  individuals,  however, 
find  it  much  easier  to  descend  to  their  own 
level,  than  it  is  for  the  high  Quality  indi- 
viduals to  ascend  to  theirs.  The  coarse  man 
finds  but  little  trouble  in  meeting  with  boon 
companions  whose  tastes  are  harmonious  to 
his.  The  person  of  extremely  high  Quality 
may  be  said  to  have  been  born  before  his 
time,  while  those  of  the  lowest  Quality  are 
atavistic  and  born  after  their  time.  Remem- 
ber, always,  that  Quality  is  an  attribute  of 
' '  soul, ' '  and  not  of  birth,  wealth,  or  even  of 
education.  We  may  find  many  "gentlemen" 
of  humble  birth,  small  means  and  limited 
education;  and  also  many  "educated  pigs" 
of  high  lineage  and  full  coffers. 

The  Outer  Form  of  Quality  is  shown  by 
the  relative  fineness  of  general  structure, 
and  by  the  general  form,  appearance,  man- 
ner, motion,  voice,  laughter,  and  more  than 
all  by  that  indescribable  impression  of  "fine- 
ness" and  "distinction"  which  they  produce 
upon  observing  persons  with  whom  they  come 
in  contact. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  Quality  is  a 
very  different  thing  from  intellectuality  or 


The  Temperaments  53 

morality.  A  high  Quality  person  may  be  im- 
moral and  not  specially  intellectual,  although 
there  is  almost  always  a  keenness  of  percep- 
tion, and  almost  intuitive  recognition,  in  these 
cases— the  immorality  is  generally  lacking  in 
coarseness,  and  is  usually  connected  with 
perversion  of  the  aesthetic  faculties.  In  the 
same  way,  the  person  of  low  Quality  often 
may  be  moral  according  to  the  code,  but  will 
be  coarse  in  the  manifestation  of  that  virtue, 
and  may  possess  a  certain  low  cunning  which 
with  many  persons  passes  for  intellect  and 
"brains."  In  speaking  of  Quality,  the  words 
"fineness"  and  "coarseness"  come  easily  to 
the  mind  and  tongue  and  are  perhaps  the 
terms  most  suggestive  of  the  two  extremes  of 
this  attribute  of  the  Man. 

TEMPERAMENT 

Next  in  the  order  of  consideration  we  find 
what  is  called  Temperament.  Temperament 
is  defined  as:  "That  individual  peculiarity 
of  organization  by  which  the  manner  of  act- 
ing, feeling  and  thinking  of  each  person  is 
permanently  affected;  disposition  or  consti- 


54  Human-  Natuke 

tution  of  the  mind,  especially  as  regards  the 
passions  and  affections." 

Hippocrates,  the  ancient  Greek  philoso- 
pher-physician (B.  C.  468—367)  held  to  the 
existence  of  four  temperaments,  which  he  at- 
tributed to  certain  qualities  of  the  blood  and 
the  several  secretions  of  the  body  such  as  the 
bile,  etc.  While  his  theory  was  rejected  by 
later  investigators,  his  classification  contin- 
ued until  very  recently  under  the  name  of 
(1)  the  Sanguine;  (2)  the  Lymphatic  or 
Phlegmatic;  (3)  the  Choleric  or  Bilious;  and 
(4)  the  Melancholic  temperaments,  respect- 
ively. As  a  matter  of  general  information 
on  the  subject  we  herewith  give  the  old  classi- 
fication with  the  attributes  of  each  class : 

The  Sanguine  temperament  was  held  to  be 
characterized  by  red  or  light-brown  hair, 
blue  eyes,  a  fair  or  ruddy  complexion,  large 
arteries  and  veins,  a  full  and  rapid  pulse, 
slight  perspiration,  impatience  of  heat,  febrile 
tendency,  and  lively  and  cheerful  temper,  ex- 
citable passions,  a  warm,  ardent,  impulsive 
disposition,  and  a  liking  for  active  pursuits; 

The  Lymphatic,  or  Phlegmatic  tempera- 
ment was  held  to  be  characterized  by  light, 


The  Temperaments  55 

sandy,  or  whitish  hair,  light  grey  eyes,  pallid 
complexion,  skin  almost  devoid  of  hair,  flabby 
tissues,  much  perspiration,  small  blood-ves- 
sels, a  feeble  and  slow  pulse,  want  of  energy, 
lack  of  activity,  deficient  spirit  and  vividness ; 

The  Choleric  or  Bilious  temperament  was 
held  to  be  characterized  by  black  hair  often 
curling,  black  or  hazel  eyes,  and  dark  but 
ruddy  complexion,  hairy  skin,  strong  full 
pulse,  firm  muscles,  great  activity  and  posi- 
tiveness,  strength  of  character,  and  an  active 
brain. 

The  Melancholic  temperament  was  held  to 
be  characterized  by  black  hair,  black  or  hazel 
eyes,  a  dark  leaden  complexion,  pulse  slow 
and  feeble,  and  a  disposition  toward  study, 
poetry,  literature,  and  sentiment. 

Some  later  authorities  added  a  fifth  tem- 
perament, called  the  Nervous  temperament, 
which  was  held  to  be  characterized  by  a 
medium  complexion,  large  brain,  small  physi- 
cal frame,  fineness  of  organization,  thin  hair, 
finely  cut  features,  quick  lively  disposition, 
intellectual  tastes  and  tendencies,  sensitive 
nature,  high  capacity  for  enjoyment  and 
suffering. 


56  Human  Nature 

The  latest  authorities,  however,  discarded 
the  old  classification  and  adopted  one  more 
simple  although  fully  as  comprehensive.  The 
new  classification  recognizes  three  classes  of 
temperament,  viz:  (1)  the  Vital;  (2)  the  Mo- 
tive; and  (3)  the  Mental,  the  characteristics 
of  which  are  held  to  be  as  follows : 

The  Vital  temperament  has  its  basis  in  the 
predominance  of  the  nutritive  system,  includ- 
ing the  blood-vessels,  lymphatics  and  the 
glands.  Its  organs  are  the  heart,  lungs, 
stomach,  liver,  bowels,  and  the  entire  internal 
vital  system.  It  is  characterized  by  a  large, 
broad  frame;  broad  shoulders;  deep  chest; 
full  round  abdomen;  round  plump  limbs; 
short  thick  neck;  comparatively  small  hands 
and  feet ;  full  face ;  flushed  and  florid  cheeks ; 
and  general  "well  fed"  appearance.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  predominant  are  fond  of  out-of- 
door  exercise,  although  not  of  hard  work; 
crave  the  "good  things  of  life;"  fond  of 
sport,  games  and  play ;  love  variety  of  enter- 
tainment and  amusement;  are  affectionate; 
love  praise  and  flattery;  prefer  concrete 
rather  than  abstract  subjects  of  thought ;  look 
out  for  themselves ;  are  selfish,  but  yet  ' '  good 


The  Tempeeaments  57 

fellows"  when  it  does  not  cost  too  much  physi- 
cal discomfort  to  themselves;  usually  enjoy 
good  health,  yet  when  ill  are  apt  to  be  very 
weak ;  tend  to  f everishness  and  apoplexy,  etc. 

Persons  of  the  Vital  temperament  may 
have  either  fair  or  dark  complexion,  but  in 
either  case  the  cheeks  and  face  are  apt  to  be 
ruddy  and  flushed.  Those  of  the  dark  type 
are  apt  to  have  greater  power  of  endurance, 
while  those  of  the  light  type  are  apt  to  be 
more  sprightly  and  active.  This  tempera- 
ment is  particularly  noticeable  in  women,  a 
large  proportion  of  whom  belong  to  its  class. 
This  temperament  furnishes  the  majority  of 
the  good  companions,  sociable  friends  and 
acquaintances,  and  theatre  goers.  A  leading 
phrenologist  says  of  them  that  they  "incline 
to  become  agents,  overseers,  captains,  hotel- 
keepers,  butchers,  traders,  speculators,  poli- 
ticians, public  officers,  aldermen,  contractors, 
etc.,  rather  than  anything  requiring  steady  or 
hard  work."  We  have  noticed  that  a  large 
number  of  railroad  engineers  and  policemen 
are  of  this  temperament. 

The  Motive  temperament  has  as  its  basis 
the  predominance  of  the  motive  or  median- 


58  Human  Nature 

ical  system,  including  the  muscles,  bones  and 
ligaments— the  general  system  of  active  work 
and  motion.  Its  organs  are  those  of  the  en- 
tire framework  of  the  body,  together  with 
those  muscles  and  ligaments,  large  and  small, 
general  and  special,  which  enable  man  to 
walk,  move,  and  work.  It  is  characterized  by 
strong  constitution,  physical  power,  strong 
character,  active  feeling,  and  tendency  toward 
work;  large  bones  and  joints;  hard  muscles; 
angular  and  rugged  figure;  usually  broad 
shoulders  and  deep  chest;  comparatively 
small  and  flat  abdomen;  oblong  face;  large 
jaw;  high  cheek-bones;  strong  large  teeth; 
bushy  coarse  hair;  rugged  features  and 
prominent  nose,  ears,  mouth,  etc.  Those  in 
whom  it  is  predominant  are  fond  of  physical 
and  mental  work;  are  tenacious  and  try  to 
carry  through  what  they  undertake;  resist 
fatigue  ;  are  "good  stayers;"  are  full  of 
dogged  persistence  and  resistance;  and  are 
apt  to  manifest  creative  effort  and  work. 

Persons  of  the  Motive  temperament  may 
have  either  dark  or  light  complexion.  The 
Scotch  or  'Scandanavian  people  show  this 
temperament  strongly,  as  also  do  a  certain 


The  Temperaments  59 

type  of  Americans.  The  world's  active 
workers  come  chiefly  from  this  class.  This 
temperament  is  far  more  common  among 
men  than  among  women.  The  righting  na- 
tions who  have  in  different  times  swept  over 
other  countries  display  this  temperament 
strongly.  This  temperament,  predominant, 
although  associated  with  the  other  tempera- 
ments has  distinguished  the  "men  who  do 
things"  in  the  world's  history.  It's  "raw- 
bone"  and  gawkiness  has  swept  things  be- 
fore it,  and  has  built  up  great  things  in  all 
times.  Its  individuals  have  a  burning  desire 
to  "take  hold  and  pull,"  or  to  "get  together 
and  start  something."  As  the  name  implies, 
this  temperament  is  the  "moving  force"  in 
mankind. 

The  Mental  temperament  has  its  basis  in 
the  predominance  of  the  nervous  system,  in- 
cluding the  brain  and  spinal  cord.  Its  or- 
gans are  the  brain,  or  brains ;  the  spinal  cord 
with  its  connecting  nerves — in  fact  the  entire 
nervous  system,  including  the  "sympathetic" 
nervous  system,  the  various  plexi,  and  the 
nervous  substance  found  in  various  parts  of 
the   body.     It   is    characterized   by    a  light 


60  Human  Nature 

build;  slight  frame;  comparatively  large 
head ;  quick  movements ;  sharp  features ;  thin 
sharp  nose;  thin  lips;  sharp  and  not  very 
strong  teeth;  keen,  penetrating  eye;  higli 
forehead  and  upper  head ;  fondness  for  brain 
work;  disinclination  for  physical  drudgery; 
sensitive  nature;  quick  perception;  rapid 
mental  action;  developed  intuition;  fine  and 
shapely  features;  expressive  countenance, 
expressive  and  striking  voice,  generally 
rather  "high-strung,"  vividness  and  intens- 
ity of  emotion  and  feeling,  etc. 

Persons  of  this  temperament  are  apt  to 
be  more  or  less  "intense;"  enjoy  and  suffer 
keenly ;  are  sensitive  to  reproach  or  criticism ; 
are  inclined  to  be  sedentary ;  take  a  pleasure 
in  "thinking,"  and  often  burn  their  candle  of 
life  at  both  ends,  because  of  this  tendency; 
and  incline  to  occupations  in  which  their 
brains  rather  than  their  body  is  exercised. 
They  may  be  either  of  dark  or  of  light  com- 
plexion, and  in  either  case  are  apt  to  have 
bright,  expressive  eyes.  The  impression 
created  by  an  examination  of  their  physical 
characteristics  is  that  of  sharpness.  The 
fox,  weasel,  greyhound,  and  similar  animals 


The  Temperaments  61 

illustrate  this  type.  Persons  of  this  tem- 
perament are  apt  to  be  either  very  good  or 
very  bad.  They  run  to  extremes,  and  some- 
times execute  a  quick  "right  about  face." 
When  properly  balanced,  this  temperament 
produces  the  world's  greatest  thinkers  along 
all  lines  of  thought.  When  not  properly  bal- 
anced it  produces  the  abnormally  gifted 
"genius,"  between  whom  and  the  unbalanced 
person  there  is  but  a  slender  line  of  division ; 
or  the  eccentric  person  with  his  so-called 
"artistic  temperament,"  the  "crank"  with 
his  hobbies  and  vagaries,  and  the  brilliant 
degenerate  who  dazzles  yet  horrifies  the 
world. 

BALANCED  TEMPERAMENTS 

The  best  authorities  agree  in  the  belief 
that  the  Balanced  Temperament  is  the  most 
desirable.  That  is,  the  condition  in  which  the 
three  temperaments  balance  each  other  per- 
fectly, so  that  the  weak  points  of  each  are 
remedied  by  the  strong  points  of  the  others, 
and  the  extremes  of  each  are  neutralized  and 
held  in  check  by  the  influence  of  the  others. 
Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler,  the  veteran  phrenologist 


62  Human  Nature 

says  upon  this  point:    "A  well  balanced  or- 
ganism, with  all  the  temperaments  large  and 
in  about  equal  proportion,  is  by  far  the  best 
and  most  favorable  for  both  enjoyment  and 
efficiency;  to  general  genius  and  real  great- 
ness; to  strength  along  with  perfection  of 
character ;  to  consistency  and  power  through- 
out.   The  Motive  large,  with  the  Mental  defi- 
cient, gives  power  with  sluggishness,  so  that 
the  powers  lie  dormant;  adding  large  Vital 
gives  great  physical  power  and  enjoyment, 
with  too  little  of  the  Mental  and  the  moral, 
along  with  coarseness;  while  the  Mental  in 
excess  creates  too  much  mind  for  body,  too 
much  exquisiteness  and  sentimentality  for  the 
stamina,  along  with  a  green-house  precocity 
most  destructive  of  life's  powers  and  pleas- 
ures ;  whereas  their  equal  balance  gives  abun- 
dance of  vital  force,  physical  stamina,  and 
mental  power  and  susceptibility.    They  may 
be  compared  to  the  several  parts  of  a  steam- 
boat and  its   appurtenances.     The  Vital  is 
the   steam-power;   the   Motive,   the  hulk  or 
framework;  the  Mental,  the  freight  or  pas- 
sengers.   Predominant  Vital  generates  more 
vital  energy  than   can  well  be  worked  off, 


The  Temperaments  63 

which  causes  restlessness,  excessive  passion, 
and  a  pressure  which  endangers  outbursts 
and  overt  actions ;  predominant  Motive  gives 
too  much  frame  or  hulk,  moves  slowly,  and 
with  weak  Mental,  is  too  light-freighted  to 
secure  the  great  ends  of  life  ?  predominant 
Mental  overloads,  and  endangers  sinking; 
but  all  equally  balanced  and  powerful,  carry 
great  loads  rapidly  and  well,  and  accomplish 
wonders.  Such  persons  unite  cool  judgments 
with  intense  and  well-governed  feelings; 
great  force  of  character  and  intellect  with 
perfect  consistency;  scholarship  with  sound 
common  sense ;  far  seeing  sagacity  with  bril- 
liancy; and  have  the  highest  order  of  both 
physiology  and  mentality." 

Professor  Nelson  Sizer,  another  high  au- 
thority said:  "In  nature  the  temperaments 
exist  in  combination,  one  being,  however,  the 
most  conspicuous.  So  rarely  do  we  find  ex- 
amples of  an  even  mixture  or  balance,  that  it 
may  be  said  that  they  who  possess  it  are 
marvellous  exceptions  in  the  current  of  hu- 
man society.  Such  an  even  mixture  would 
indicate  a  most  extraordinary  heritage;  it 
would    be    constitutional    perfection.      But, 


64  Human  Nature 

once  in  a  while,  a  person  is  met  in  whom  there 
is  a  close  approach  to  this  balance,  and  wo 
are  accustomed  to  speak  of  it  as  a  balanced 
temperament,  it  being  difficult  to  determine 
which  element  is  in  predominance. 

MIXED   TEMPERAMENTS 

The  experience  of  the  older  phrenologists, 
which  is  verified  by  the  investigations  of  the 
later  authorities,  was  that  in  the  majority  of 
persons  two  of  the  temperaments  are  well 
developed,  the  third  remaining  comparatively 
undeveloped.  Of  the  two  active  tempera- 
ments, one  is  usually  found  to  be  predomi- 
nant, although  in  many  the  two  are  found  to 
be  almost  equally  developed.  But  even  in 
the  last  mentioned  instance  one  of  the  two 
seems  to  have  been  more  actively  called  forth 
by  the  environment  of  the  person,  and  may 
therefore  be  regarded  as  the  ruling  tempera- 
ment. Arising  from  this  fact  we  find  the  sev- 
eral classes  of  Mixed  Temperament,  known, 
respectively,  as:  the  Vital-Motive;  the  Mo- 
tive-Vital; the  Motive-Mental;  the  Mental- 
Motive;  the  Vital-Mental;  and  the  Mental- 
Vital.    In  these  classes  the  name  of  the  pre- 


The  Temperaments  65 

dominant,  or  most  active  temperament  ap- 
pears first,  the  second  name  indicating  the 
temperament  relatively  undeveloped  or  in- 
active. 

The  Vital-Motive  and  the  Motive-Vital 
temperaments  give  the  combination  in  which 
is  manifested  physical  activity  and  strong 
vitality.  .  Those  of  these  temperaments  are 
adapted  to  out-of-door  work,  such  as  farming, 
out-of-door  trades,  mechanics,  soldiers  and 
sailors,  and  other  occupations  requiring 
strong  vital  power  and  muscular  strength 
and  activity.  The  physical  characteristics 
are  the  prominent  bones  and  strong  muscles 
of  the  Motive,  and  well-rounded  limbs  and 
"stout"  forms  of  the  Vital.  When  the  Vital 
predominates,  there  is  apt  to  be  more  flesh; 
when  the  Motive  predominates  there  is  apt 
to  be  more  ruggedness  and  muscular  develop- 
ment. 

The  Motive-Mental  and  Mental-Motive 
temperaments  give  the  combination  in  which 
is  manifested  the  physical  activity  of  the  Mo- 
tive and  the  mental  activity  of  the  Motive 
and  the  mental  activity  of  the  Mental— the 
physical  and  mental  characteristics   of  the 


66  Human  Nature 

Vital  being  absent.  The  Mental  element  re- 
lieves the  Motive  of  some  of  its  crudeness 
and  roughness,  while  the  Motive  relieves  the 
Mental  of  its  tendency  to  get  away  from  the 
practical  side  of  things.  The  strong  frame 
and  muscles  are  balanced  by  the  brain-de- 
velopment. Those  of  this  temperament  make 
good  practical  business  men,  physicians, 
lawyers,  scientists,  explorers,  and  others  who 
have  to  work  and  think  at  the  same  time. 
These  people  often  manifest  great  executive 
ability.  When  the  Motive  predominates,  the 
tendency  is  toward  out-of-door  occupations 
in  which  the  brain  is  used  in  connection  with 
bodily  activity.  When  the  Mental  predomi- 
nates there  is  a  tendency  toward  in-door  oc- 
cupations in  which  active  brain  work  is  re- 
quired. These  people  have  well-developed 
heads,  together  with  wiry,  strong  bodies. 
Some  of  the  most  successful  men  have  come 
from  this  class. 

The  Vital-Mental  and  Mental-Vital  tem- 
peraments give  the  combination  in  which  is 
manifested  many  attractive  traits  which  ren- 
der their  possessor  agreeable,  companion- 
able, and  at  the  same  time  bright  and  intel- 


The  Temperaments  67 

ligent.  The  Vital  element  gives  a  plumpness 
to  the  form,  while  the  Mental  imparts  a 
brightness  to  the  mind.  This  is  the  tempera- 
ment of  many  attractive  women.  The  Men- 
tal activity  tends  to  counterbalance  the  Vital 
tendency  toward  physical  ease  and  comfort. 
These  people  make  good  orators,  after  dinner 
speakers,  and  agreeable  society  men  and 
women,  actors,  artists,  poets,  and  popular 
literary  men.  The  respective  predominance 
of  the  Mental  or  the  Vital,  in  this  combina- 
tion, gives  to  this  class  somewhat  of  a  variety, 
but  a  little  observation  will  soon  enable  one 
to  recognize  ihe  individuals  belonging  to  it. 
A  certain  combination  in  this  class  produces 
the  trait  of  ''emotionality,"  or  superficial 
feeling  and  sympathy. 

The  student  of  Human  Nature  should  pay 
much  attention  to  Temperament  and  the  out- 
ward indications  of  each  class  and  sub-class, 
for  Temperament  gives  us  much  of  our  best 
information  regarding  character  and  disposi- 
tion, in  fact  Character  Reading  depends  ma- 
terially upon  the  interpretation  of  Tempera- 
ment. 


CHAPTER  V 

THE  MENTAL  QUALITIES 

We  now  approach  the  subject  of  the  several 
particular  mental  qualities,  and  the  groups 
thereof,  both  in  the  phase  of  their  inner  states 
and  that  of  their  outer  form.  In  the  consid- 
eration of  both  of  these  phases  we  must  avail 
ourselves  of  the  investigations  and  researches 
of  the  old  phrenologists  who  cleared  a  path 
for  all  who  follow.  Although  many  of  the 
phrenological  theories  are  rejected  by  mod- 
ern psychologists  and  biologists,  neverthe- 
less their  work  established  a  firm  foundation 
for  the  science  of  the  study  of  the  brain  and 
its  functions.  And  to  Gall  and  his  followers 
we  are  indebted  for  the  discovery  and  teach- 
ing that  the  activity  and  development  of  the 
several  mental  qualities  or  faculties  mani- 
fest in  outer  form  in  the  shape  of  the  skull. 

The  general  principles  of  phrenology  may 
be  briefly  stated  as  follows: 

I.  The  Brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind. 

II.  The  mind  is  not  a  single  entity  or 
power,  but  has  several  faculties,  stronger  or 

68 


Fig.  1 
the  mental  qualities 


69 


70  Human  Nature 

weaker,   which   determine   the   character   of 
the  individual. 

III.  That  each  faculty  or  propensity  has 
a  special  organ  in  the  brain. 

IV.  The  size  of  the  brain  (the  quality 
being  equal)  is  the  true  measure  of  power. 

V.  There  are  several  groups  of  faculties, 
and  each  group  is  represented  by  organs  lo- 
cated in  the  same  region  of  the  brain. 

VI.  The  relative  size  of  each  organ  results 
from  the  activity  of  its  appropriate  faculty. 

VII.  The  size  of  the  organ  is  indicated  by 
the  appearance  and  size  of  the  skull  imme- 
diately over  the  region  of  the  organ. 

VIII.  The  Quality  and  Temperament  of 
the  organization  determine  the  degree  of 
vigor,  activity,  and  endurance  of  the  mental 
powers. 

Modern  psychology  and  biology  claim  to 
have  disproven  many  of  the  phrenological 
contentions,  while  other  lines  of  investiga- 
tion have  given  us  other  theories  to  account 
for  the  phenomena  first  noted  by  the  phren- 
ologists. Some  investigators  of  brain  devel- 
opment and  action  hold  that  while  certain 
mental  states  manifest  in  outer  form  on  por- 


The  Mental  Qualities  71 

tions  of  the  skull,  the  phenomenon  is  due  to 
the  action  of  the  cranial  muscles  rather  than 
to  the  fact  of  the  localization  of  special  facul- 
ties—that each  mental  state  is  associated 
with  certain  actions  on  the  part  of  certain 
cranial  muscles  which  in  turn  exert  a  modify- 
ing effect  upon  the  shape  and  size  of  the 
skull. 

As  Erbes  states  it  "the  effect  the  scheme  of 
cranial  muscles  have  had  and  still  have  upon 
the  conformation  of  the  skull,  and,  conse- 
quently, had  in  determining  the  location  of 
those  areas  and  in  giving  brain  and  mind  a 
character  approximately  identical  from  end 
to  end  of  the  scale  of  living  things  possessing 
the  cerebro-spinal  nervous  system.  In  so  far 
as  the  neural  matter  is  dependent  upon  the 
cranial  muscles— aside  from  the  sensory 
stimuli— so  far,  likewise  are  the  psychic 
manifestations,  through  tongue  or  limb,  modi- 
fied by  variations  in  those  muscles  that,  after 
their  creative  task  is  done,  assume  a  vaso- 
motor control  over  their  respective  areas/' 
The  same  writer  also  says:  "The  cerebral 
mass  owes  its  location  and  subsequent  expan- 
sion, moreover,  in  a  measure  that  mind  owes 


72  Human  Nature 

its  character,  primarily  to  the  action  of  the 
muscles  attached  to  and  lying  upon  its 
peripheral  covering,  the  skull;  these  same 
muscles  thereafter,  through  exercising  a  cer- 
ebral vasomotor  control,  act  in  the  nature  of 
keys  for  calling  the  evolved  dependent  brain 
areas  into  play,  singly  and  en  masse." 

Others  have  held  that  the  development  of 
certain  areas  of  the  surface  of  the  skull  is 
due  to  peculiar  neural  or  nervous,  activities 
having  their  seat  in  certain  parts  of  the  brain 
adjacent  to  their  appropriate  area  of  the 
skull,  but  these  theories  fail  to  explain  the 
nature  of  the  relation  between  the  mind, 
brain  and  the  "nerve  centres"  aforesaid. 

These  several  authorities,  and  others,  how- 
ever, agree  upon  the  fact  that  certain  areas 
of  the  brain  are  associated  in  some  way  with 
certain  mental  states;  and  that  these  brain 
areas  register  their  relative  activity  upon  the 
areas  of  the  skull  adjacent  thereto ;  and  that 
the  activity  and  power  of  each  brain  area,  or 
faculty,  is  denoted  by  the  size  of  the  asso- 
ciated skull-area.  Thus,  the  outward  facts 
claimed  by  phrenology  are  admitted,  while 
their  theories  of  cause  are  disputed. 


The  Mental  Qualities  73 

In  this  book  we  shall  rest  content  with  these 
" outward  facts"  of  phrenology,  and  shall  not 
concern  ourselves  with  the  various  theories 
which  seek  to  explain  them,  preferring  to 
leave  that  task  for  others.  In  considering  the 
subject  of  the  Outer  Form  associated  with 
the  Inner  State  of  Human  Nature,  we  shall 
merely  claim  that  mental  states  manifest  in 
outer  form  in  the  shape  and  size  of  the  head; 
and  that  certain  areas  of  the  skull  are  thus 
associated  with  certain  mental  states,  the  size 
and  shape  of  the  former  denoting  the  degree 
of  activity  of  the  latter. 

The  general  scheme  of  classification  of  the 
various  mental  "faculties"  of  the  phrenol- 
ogists, and  the  names  given  thereto  by  the 
old  phrenologists,  have  in  the  main  been  ad- 
hered to  in  this  book.  In  a  number  of  cases, 
however,  we  have  seen  fit  to  re-arrange  the 
groups  in  accordance  with  the  later  ideas  of 
the  New  Psychology,  and  have  given  to  some 
of  the  "faculties"  names  considered  more 
appropriate  to  the  later  classification,  and 
understanding  of  the  mental  state.  More- 
over, in  order  to  avoid  the  phrenological 
theories  attaching  thereto,  we  have  decided 


74  Human  Nature 

not  to  use  the  terms,  "faculties,"  "propen- 
sities," and  "sentiments,"  in  referring  to 
the  several  mental  states ;  and  shall  therefore 
use  the  term  "Qualities"  in  the  place  thereof. 
The  term  "quality,"  while  denoting  "the 
condition  of  being  such  or  such;  nature  rela- 
tively considered,"  does  not  carry  with  it 
the  theory  attached  to  the  phrenological  term 
"faculty."  But  the  locality  of  the  several 
qualities  of  "faculties"  has  not  been  dis- 
turbed or  changed— the  place  where  each 
quality  manifests  in  outer  form,  as  assigned 
in  this  book,  agrees  with  that  assigned  by  the 
old  phrenologists,  time  having  served  to  es- 
tablish the  truth  of  the  same,  rather  than 
to  disprove  it. 

The  following  is  the  classification  and 
terminology  adopted  by  us  in  this  book  in 
the  consideration  of  the  Mental  Qualities. 
(See  Fig.  1.) 

I.  The  Egoistic  Qualities:  Self-Esteem; 
and  Approbativeness. 

II.  The  Motive  Qualities:  Combative- 
ness;  Destructiveness ;  Cunning;  Cautious- 
ness; Acquisitiveness;  and  Constructiveness. 

III.  The  Vitative  Qualities:  Vitative- 
ness;  Alimentativeness ;  and  Bibativeness. 


The  Mental  Qualities  75 

IV.  The  Emotive  Qualities:  Amative- 
ness;  Conjugality;  Parental  Love;  Sociabil- 
ity and  Home-Love. 

V.  The  Applicative  Qualities  :  Firmness ; 
and  Continuity. 

VI.  The  Modificative  Qualities:  Ideal- 
ity; Infinity;  and  Humor. 

VII.  The  Relative  Qualities:  Human 
Nature;  Suavity;  Sympathy;  and  Imitation. 

VIII.  The  Perceptive  Qualities:  Obser- 
vation; Form;  Size;  Weight;  Color;  Order; 
Calculation;  Tune;  Time;  Locality;  Event- 
uality ;  and  Words. 

IX.  The  Reflective  Qualities:  Analy- 
sis ;  and  Logic. 

X.  The  Religio-Moral  Qualities  :  Rever- 
ence; Mysticism;  Optimism;  and  Conscien- 
tiousness. 

In  the  following  several  chapters  we  shall 
consider  each  group,  in  turn,  together  with 
the  particular  Qualities  of  each  group.  It 
must  be  remembered  that  the  poiver  of  each 
Quality  is  modified  by  the  influence  of  the 
other  Qualities.  Therefore  in  judging  the 
character  of  an  individual,  each  and  every 
Quality  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 


CHAPTER  VI 

THE    EGOISTIC    QUALITIES 

The  first  group  of  Qualities  is  that  known 
as  the  Egoistic  Qualities,  which  is  composed 
of  two  particular  Qualities,  known,  respec- 
tively, as  Self-Esteem;  and  Approbativeness. 
This  group  manifests  outer  form  immedi- 
ately at  the  "crown"  of  the  head,  and  on 
the  sides  directly  beneath  or  "side  of"  the 
crown.  (See  Fig.  2.)  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
consciousness  of  Individuality  and  Person- 
ality, and  the  tendencies  arising  directly 
therefrom. 

Self-Esteem.  This  Quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  sense  of  individual  power,  self- 
respect,  self-help,  self-reliance,  dignity,  com- 
placency, pride  of  individuality,  and  inde- 
pendence. In  excess  it  tends  to  produce  ego- 
tism, abnormal  conceit,  imperiousness,  etc. 
Deficiency  of  it  is  apt  to  produce  lack  of  con- 
fidence in  self,  humi]it}r,  self-depreciation, 
etc.  It  gives  to  one  the  ambitious  spirit,  and 
the  desire  for  executive  positions  and  places 
of  authority.     It  resents  assumption  of  au- 

76 


Fig.  2 
the  egoistic  qualities 


77 


78  Human  Nature 

thority  on  the  part  of  others,  and  chafes  un- 
der restraint.  It  renders  its  possessors  dig- 
nified and  desirous  of  the  respectful  recogni- 
tion of  others.  It  manifests  outer  form  on  the 
middle  line  of  the  head,  at  the  "crown"  (see 
group  figure)  just  above  Approbativeness, 
where  it  may  be  perceived  by  reason  of  the 
enlargement  of  the  "crown."  When  fully 
developed,  it  tends  to  draw  back  the  head, 
so  that  the  latter  is  held  erect ;  whereas,  when 
deficient  it  allows  the  head  to  droop  forward 
in  an  attitude  lacking  the  appearance  of 
pride. 

Approbativeness.  This  Quality  manifests 
in  a  strong  desire  for  praise,  approval,  flat- 
tery, recommendation,  fame,  notoriety,  good 
name,  personal  display,  show  and  outward 
appearance.  It  is  a  form  of  pride  different 
from  that  of  Self -Esteem,  for  it  is  a  vanity 
arising  from  personal  things  and  outward 
appearances,  whereas  Self-Esteem  gives  a 
pride  to  the  inner  self  or  ego.  Those  in  whom 
it  is  well-developed  pay  great  attention  to 
outward  form,  ceremony,  etiquette,  fashion, 
and  social  recognition,  and  are  always  to  be 
found  on  the  popular   side   and  "with   the 


The  Egoistic  Qualities  79 

crowd."  They  thrive  upon  praise,  approval 
and  notoriety,  and  shrink  under  censure,  dis- 
approval or  lack  of  notice.  One  with  Self- 
Esteem  can  be  happy  when  alone,  and  in  fact 
often  defies  public  opinion  and  fashion  from 
very  pride  of  self;  while  one  with  Approba- 
tiveness  largely  developed  lacks  the  pride  to 
rise  above  approval  and  the  opinion  of  others, 
while  possessing  a  strong  sense  of  vanity 
when  public  favor  is  bestowed.  It  manifests 
outer  form  at  the  upper-back  part  of  the 
head,  just  above  Cautiousness  and  below  Self- 
Esteem,  (see  group  figure).  When  largely 
developed  it  rises  like  two  mounts  on  either 
side  of  Self-Esteem,  but  when  Self-Esteem  is 
large  and  Approbativeness  is  small,  the  latter 
appears  as  two  sunken  places  on  either  side 
of  Self-Esteem. 

Self-Esteem  values  the  real  self  while  Ap- 
probativeness values  the  appearances  of  per- 
sonality. The  one  pursues  the  substance,  the 
other  the  shadows.  Self-Esteem  and  Appro- 
bativeness are  often  confused  in  the  minds  of 
the  public.  The  true  keynote  of  the  first  is 
Pride;  of  the  second,  Vanity.  The  student 
should  learn  to  carefully  distinguish  between 


80  Human  Nature 

these  two  Qualities.  Approbativeness  may 
cause  one  to  make  a  monkey  of  himself  in 
order  to  win  notice,  praise  or  laughter,  while 
Self-Esteem  will  never  sacrifice  self-respect 
and  pride  in  order  to  win  applause. 


CHAPTER  VII 

THE  MOTIVE  QUALITIES 

The  second  group  is  known  as  the  Selfish 
Qualities,  and  is  composed  of  the  following 
particular  Qualities:  Combativeness;  Des- 
tructiveness;  Cunning;  Cautiousness;  Ac- 
quisitiveness and  Construetiveness.  This 
group  manifests  in  outer  form  extending 
along  the  sides  of  the  lower  head  from  the 
back  toward  the  temples.    (See  Fig.  3.) 

Combativeness.  This  Quality  manifests 
in  a  strong  desire  to  oppose,  resist,  combat, 
defy,  defend.  Those  in  whom  it  is  developed 
enjoy  a  "scrap,"  and,  in  the  words  of  the 
familiar  saying,  would  "rather  fight  than 
eat."  When  combined  with  Vitativeness  it 
manifests  in  the  tendency  to  fight  hard  for 
life.  When  combined  with  Acquisitiveness  it 
manifests  in  the  tendency  to  fight  for  money 
or  property.  When  combined  with  Amative- 
ness  it  manifests  in  the  tendency  to  fight  for 
mates.  When  combined  with  the  family-lov- 
ing Qualities  it  manifests  in  a  tendency  to 
fight  for  the  family.    In  fact,  its  particular 

81 


Fig.  3 
the  motive  qualities 


82 


The  Motive  Qualities  83 

direction  is  indicated  by  the  development  and 
combination  of  the  other  Qualities.  It  mani- 
fests in  outer  form  at  the  sides  of  the  lower- 
back  part  of  the  head,  a  little  back  of  the  top 
part  of  the  ear  (see  group  figure),  giving, 
when  developed,  enlargement  of  that  part  of 
the  head— a  "broad  back-head."  The 
"broad-headed"  animals,  birds,  and  fish  have 
this  propensity  well  developed,  while  the 
"narrow-heads"  have  it  in  but  a  small  de- 
gree. It  is  also  indicated  by  the  strong  jaw, 
and  by  the  mouth  indicating  a  "strong  bite." 
Destructtveness.  This  Quality,  manifests 
in  a  strong  desire  to  break  precedents,  doing 
things  in  new  ways,  asserting  authority,  ex- 
termination, severity,  sternness ,  breaking 
down,  crushing,  "walking  over,"  etc.  Its  di- 
rection is  largely  governed  by  the  other  Qual- 
ities, as  for  instance  in  combination  with 
Acquisitiveness,  it  manifests  in  breaking 
down  opposition  and  precedents  in  business ; 
while  with  large  conscientiousness  it  mani- 
fests in  tearing  down  evil  conditions,  etc., 
and  in  doing  the  work  of  "reform."  It  gen- 
erally is  accompanied  with  large  Combative- 
ness,  as  the  two  go  hand-in-hand.    It  mani- 


84  Human  Nature 

fests  outer  form  directly  above,  and  back  of 
the  top-part  of  the  ear  (see  group  figure). 

Cunning.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  desire  to  be  cunning,  sly,  close- 
mouthed,  diplomatic,  deceitful,  and  generally 
1  l  foxy. "  It  is  best  illustrated  by  the  example 
of  the  fox,  which  animal  combines  in  itself 
many  of  its  qualities.  The  coyote  also  shows 
signs  of  having  this  Quality  well  developed, 
as  do  birds  of  the  crow  and  blackbird  family, 
and  certain  fishes.  With  strong  Caution  it 
renders  one  very  secretive  and  "close- 
mouthed."  With  strong  Acquisitiveness  it 
renders  one  sly  and  tricky  in  business.  With 
strong  Approbativeness  it  renders  one  apt  to 
tell  lying  stories  which  magnify  his  impor- 
tance and  gratify  his  vanity.  With  a  vivid 
Imagination  it  inclines  one  to  draw  on  that 
quality  and  lie  for  the  very  love  of  romanc- 
ing. It  manifests  outer  form  a  little  distance 
above  the  top  of  the  ear,  immediately  above 
Destructiveness,  and  back  of  Acquisitiveness 
(see  group  figure). 

Cautiousness.  This  Quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  desire  to  avoid  danger  or  trouble; 
carefulness,  prudence,  watchfulness,  anxiety, 


The  Motive  Qualities  85 

self-protection,  etc.  In  excess  it  is  apt  to 
render  one  fearful,  over-anxious,  and  even 
cowardly,  but  in  combination  with  other 
Qualities  it  tends  to  give  to  one  a  balance 
and  to  restrain  him  from  rashness  and  un- 
necessary risk.  Its  direction  is  also  largely 
influenced  by  the  development  of  other  Quali- 
ties. Thus  with  large  Acquisitiveness  it  makes 
one  veiy  cautious  about  money  matters ;  with 
large  family  qualities  it  renders  one  very 
careful  about  the  family ;  with  large  Approba- 
tiveness  it  renders  one  bashful,  self  conscious, 
and  fearful  of  adverse  criticism.  It  manifests 
outer  form  toward  the  upper-back  part  of  the 
head,  directly  over  Secretiveness  (see  group 
figure),  and  when  developed  is  apparent  by 
the  enlargement  of  the  comparatively  large 
area  covered  by  it.  An  old  phrenological 
authority  says  of  it :  * '  This  is  the  easiest  found 
of  all  the  organs.  .  .  .  Starting  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  back  part  of  the  ears,  draw  a  per- 
pendicular line,  when  the  head  is  erect, 
straight  up  to  where  the  head  begins  to  slopp 
back  in  forming  the  top,  and  Caution  is  lo- 
cated just  at  the  first  turn. ' ' 

Acquisitiveness.     This   Quality  manifests 


86  Human  Nature 

in  a  strong  desire  either  to  acquire,  or  else 
to  hold  property,  money,  or  general  objects 
of  possession.  In  some  cases  it  contents  it- 
self with  merely  ' '  getting, ' '  while  in  others  it 
also  "holds  on"  to  what  is  secured,  the  dif- 
ference arising  from  the  combinations  of  the 
other  Qualities.  In  itself,  it  may  be  said  to 
be  merely  the  tendency  toward  "  hoarding 
up,"  but  the  combination  with  large  Com- 
bativeness  and  Destructiveness  enlarges  its 
scope  and  tends  to  make  its  possessor  ra- 
pacious and  grasping.  It  is  the  instinct  of 
the  squirrel  and  the  bee,  and  even  the  dog 
manifests  it  when  he  buries  a  bone  for  future 
gnawing  purposes.  Those  in  whom  it  is  de- 
veloped in  connection  with  large  Caution, 
manifest  a  strict  economy  and  even  miser- 
liness, while  in  others  it  expends  itself  in 
merely  the  getting  for  the  sake  of  the  getting, 
the  possessions  often  being  scattered  prodig- 
ally afterward,  the  element  of  Approbative- 
ness  entering  largely  into  the  latter  action. 
It  manifests  outer  form  in  the  lowest-middle 
section  of  the  head,  directly  over  Alimentive- 
ness  (see  group  figure). 

Constructiveness.     This     Quality     mani- 


The  Motive  Qualities  87 

fests  in  a  strong  desire  to  invent,  construct, 
build,  create,  put  together,  improve  upon, 
add  to,  readjust,  etc.  It  manifests  along  three 
general  lines,  namely  (1)  Invention;  (2)  Con- 
struction; and  (3)  Materialization,  by  which 
is  meant  the  "making  real"  of  ideals  previ- 
ously entertained— the  "making  come  true" 
of  the  dreams  previously  experienced— the 
materialization  of  the  ideas,  plans,  and  pro- 
jects previously  visualized.  This  Quality 
causes  the  person  to  improve,  alter,  tinker 
with,  build  up,  invent,  and  create  along  the 
lines  of  his  vocation  or  avocation.  These 
people  find  it  difficult  to  refrain  from  tinker- 
ing with,  altering,  or  "improving"  anything 
and  everything  with  which  they  have  to  do. 
With  large  Logic,  Analysis,  and  Perceptives 
they  manifest  inventive  ability;  with  large 
Imitation  they  are  fond  of  copying  and  con- 
structing after  models;  with  large  Ideality 
they  work  toward  making  their  dreams  come 
true.  This  Quality  is  not  confined  to  me- 
chanical construction,  as  the  old  phrenologists 
taught,  but  manifests  itself  in  business  litera- 
ture, art,  and  in  fact  in  every  vocation  or  oc- 
cupation.     With    large    Destructiveness,    it 


88  Human  Nature 

builds  up  new  structures  upon  the  ruins 
created  by  that  Quality.  In  persons  of  the 
Motive  temperament  it  inclines  toward  me- 
chanical invention,  creation  and  construction ; 
while  in  persons  of  the  Mental  temperament 
it  manifests  in  creating  and  constructing 
ideas,  thoughts,  theories,  scientific  classifica- 
tion, literary  productions,  etc.,  and  in  per- 
sons of  the  Vital  temperament  it  manifests 
in  creating  and  improving  upon  things  cal- 
culated to  appeal  to  persons  of  that  class. 
It  manifests  outer  form  in  the  lower  and 
frontal  part  of  the  temples,  backward  and 
upward  from  the  outer  corner  of  the  eye-brow 
(see  group  figure).  Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  says. 
"In  broad-built  and  stocky  persons  it  causes 
this  part  of  the  temples  to  widen  and  bulge 
out,  but  in  tall,  long-headed  persons  it  spreads 
out  upon  them,  and  hence  shows  to  be  less 
than  it  really  is."  It  is  directly  below  Ideal- 
ity and  in  front  of  Acquisitiveness. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE    VITATIVE    QUALITIES 

The  third  group  is  known  as  the  Vitative 
Qualities,  which  is  composed  of  the  three 
respective  particular  Qualities :  Vitativeness; 
Alimentativeness ;  and  Bibaliveness.  This 
group  manifests  in  outer  form  directly  back 
of,  and  in  front  of,  the  middle  part  of  the 
ear.    (See  Fig.  4.) 

Vitativeness.  This  quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  desire  to  live;  resistance  to  disease 
and  death;  an  intense  clinging  to  life  for  the 
mere  fact  of  living,  rather  than  for  the  sake 
of  anything  to  be  accomplished  by  continued 
existence.  It  goes  along  with  Combativeness, 
and  is  especially  noticeable  in  the  "broad- 
headed"  people  and  animals.  The  cat  tribe, 
hawks,  turtles,  sharks,  venomous  snakes,  and 
others  have  this  propensity  well  developed, 
while  it  is  deficient  in  the  "narrow-headed" 
animals,  such  as  the  rabbit,  certain  birds,  cer- 
tain fish,  and  many  harmless  snakes.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  developed  "die  hard,"  while 
those  in  whom  it  is  deficient  die  easily.    This 

89 


Fig.  4 
the  vitative  qualities 


90 


The  Vitative  Qualities  91 

capacity  manifests  in  outer  form  in  the  area 
situated  just  back  of  the  middle  part  of  the 
ear  (see  group  figure). 

Alimentiveness.  This  Quality  manifests 
in  a  strong  desire  to  gratify  the  tastes  for 
food,  when  large  it  inclines  one  toward  glut- 
tony, and  tends  to  make  one  "live  to  eat," 
instead  of  to  "eat  to  live."  Those  in  whom 
it  is  largely  developed  eat  heartily  and  like 
to  see  others  doing  the  same ;  while  those  in 
whom  it  is  deficient  care  very  little  for  the 
quality  or  amount  of  their  food  and  often 
actually  resent  the,  to  them,  "disgusting" 
sight  of  persons  partaking  of  a  hearty  meal. 
It  manifests  in  outer  form  immediately  in 
front  of  the  upper  part  of  the  ear  (see  group 
figure). 

Bibativeness.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  desire  to  gratify  the  appetite  for 
drinks  of  various  kinds.  In  its  normal  well- 
developed  state  it  manifests  in  a  desire  for 
water,  milk  and  fluid  foods,  such  as  soups, 
broths,  etc.,  and  other  juicy  things.  Per- 
verted it  manifests  in  the  appetite  for  intoxi- 
cating liquors,  tea  and  coffee,  "soft  drinks," 
and  the  various  decoctions   of  the  modern 


92  Human  Nature 

soda-fountain.  By  some  this  Quality  is  re- 
garded as  merely  a  phase  of  Alimentiveness, 
while  others  consider  it  to  be  a  separate  Qual- 
ity. It  manifests  in  outer  form  immediately 
in  front  of  the  locality  of  Alimentiveness, 
toward  the  eye. 


CHAPTER  IX 

THE    EMOTIVE    QUALITIES 

The  fourth  group  is  that  known  as  the 
Social  Qualities,  which  group  is  composed  of 
the  following  particular  Qualities:  Amative- 
ness;  Conjugality;  Parental  Love;  Sociabil- 
ity and  Home  Love.  This  group  manifests 
outer  form  at  the  lower-back  portion  of  the 
head  (see  Fig.  5),  and  shows  itself  by  an 
enlargement  of  that  region,  causing  the  head 
to  "bulge"  back  of  the  ears.  It  may  best  be 
understood  by  an  examination  of  its  several 
particular  Qualities. 

Amativeness.  This  Quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  desire  for  sexual  indulgence  and  as- 
sociation with  the  opposite  sex.  Its  purpose 
is,  of  course,  the  reproduction  of  the  race,  but 
its  abuse  and  perversion  has  led  man  to  many 
excesses  and  unnatural  practices.  It  is  a 
dynamic  propensity  and  its  normal  develop- 
ment is  seemingly  necessary  in  order  to  pro- 
duce the  "life  spirit,"  and  vital  activity  men- 
tal and  physical.  Those  in  whom  it  is  defi- 
cient lack  "spirit"  and  energy,  while  those 

93 


Fig.  5 
the  emotive  qualities 


94 


The  Emotive  Qualities  95 

in  whom  it  is  developed  to  excess  tend  to 
lean  toward  excesses.  When  developed 
normally  it  seems  to  add  an  attractiveness 
or  "magnetism"  to  its  possessors;  when 
deficient  it  renders  the  person  "cold"  non- 
magnetic and  unattractive;  when  over-devel- 
oped and  unrestrained  it  causes  the  person 
to  become  disgusting  and  repulsive  to  the 
normal  person;  vulgar,  licentious  and  de- 
praved. Its  seat  is  in  the  cerebellum  or 
"little  brain,"  and  it  manifests  outer  form 
by  an  enlarged  "fullness"  at  the  nape  of  the 
neck,  at  the  base  of  the  skull  (see  group  fig- 
ure). It  tends  to  cause  the  head  to  lean  back- 
ward and  downward  at  the  nape  of  the  neck. 
It  also  manifests  by  fullness  of  the  lips,  par- 
ticularly in  their  middles.  The  lips  and  po- 
sition of  the  head  of  persons  in  whom  this 
quality  is  largely  developed  is  indicative  of 
the  attitude  and  position  of  kissing.  Spurz- 
heim  says  of  it:  "It  is  situated  at  the  top 
of  the  neck,  and  its  size  is  proportionate  to 
the  space  between  the  mastoid  process,  im- 
mediately behind  the  ears,  and  the  occipital 
spine,  in  the  middle  of  the  hind  head. "  It  is 
noticeable  that  those  in  whom  this  quality 


96  Human  Nature 

is  fully  or  largely  developed  seem  to  have 
the  power  of  attracting  or  "charming"  those 
of  the  opposite  sex,  while  those  who  are  de- 
ficient in  it  lack  this  quality. 

Conjugality.  This  quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  desire  for  a  "mate"— and  one  mate 
only.  While  Amativeness  may  cause  one  to 
seek  the  society  of  many  of  the  opposite  sex, 
Conjugality  will  act  only  to  cause  one  to  seek 
the  one  life  partner.  Conjugality  causes  the 
desire  to  "mate  for  life."  It  is  something 
quite  different  from  Amativeness,  although 
of  course  related  to  it.  The  location  of  its 
outer  form,  between  Amativeness  and 
Friendship,  gives  the  key  to  its  quality— love 
with  companionship.  Those  in  whom  it  is 
well  developed  are  very  close  to  their  mates 
and  tend  toward  jealousy;  they  suffer  in- 
tensely when  the  relation  is  inharmonious  or 
disturbed  in  any  way,  and  are  often  broken- 
hearted at  disappointment  in  love  or  the 
death  of  the  mate.  Those  in  whom  it  is  de- 
ficient feel  very  little  true  companionship  for 
their  mates,  and  with  Amativeness  large  are 
apt  to  be  promiscuous  in  their  manifestation 
of  love  or  passion ;  if  one  love  is  interrupted 


The  Emotive  Qualities  97 

or  interfered  with  they  find  little  difficulty  in 
shifting  their  affections.  Those  in  whom  it  is 
strong  are  "true  unto  death,"  while  those  in 
whom  it  is  weak  are  fickle,  inconstant  and 
lack  loyalty.  The  Quality  manifests  outer 
form  on  each  side  of  the  lower-back  of  the 
head,  just  above  Amativeness  and  just  below 
Friendship,  and  on  either  side  of  Parental 
Love— the  location  being  especially  indica- 
tive of  its  nature  (see  group  figure). 

Parental  Love.  This  Quality  manifests 
in  a  strong  desire  for  and  love  of  children, 
particularly  one's  own.  Those  in  whom  it  is 
very  strong  often  adopt  children  in  addition 
to  their  own  and  love  to  caress  children  wher- 
ever and  whenever  they  may  see  them.  It 
manifests  outer  form  at  the  lower-back  part 
of  the  head  on  the  middle-line  of  the  head, 
above  Amativeness,  and  below  Inhabitive- 
ness  (see  group  figure). 

Sociability.  This  Quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  desire  for  companionship,  fellow- 
ship, friends,  sympathy,  society,  associates, 
etc.  It  is  the  "social  sense."  Those  in  whom 
it  is  strong  feel  happy  only  when  surrounded 
by  associates,  friends  or  boon  companions. 


98  Human  Nature 

They  incline  toward  lodges,  clubs  and  social 
gatherings.  To  be  alone  is  to  suffer,  to  such 
people.  Those  in  whom  it  is  weak  prefer  to 
be  alone,  or  at  the  best  with  a  few  carefully 
chosen  companions,  and  avoid  promiscuous 
friendships  and  social  gatherings.  It  mani- 
fests outer  form  just  above  Conjugality,  and 
at  the  sides  of  Parental  love  and  Inhabitive- 
ness,  and  directly  back  of  Cautiousness  and 
the  upper-part  of  Combativeness  (see  group 
figure). 

Home-Love.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  love  of  familiar  places,  particularly 
of  one's  home  and  near-by  country,  and  from 
this  springs  love  of  country  and  patriotism. 
Those  in  whom  it  is  strong  dislike  to  travel, 
and  are  subject  to  home-sickness.  Those  in 
whom  it  is  weak  are  fond  of  travel,  readily 
change  their  places  of  abode,  and  are  apt 
to  become  "roamers"  if  they  indulge  the 
Quality.  When  over  large,  it  inclines  one 
toward  narrowness,  sectionalism  and  pro- 
vincialism; when  small,  it  inclines  one 
toward  frequent  moves,  and  changes  of  resi- 
dence and  location.  It  manifests  outer  form 
at  the  back  part  of  the  head,  on  the  middle- 


The  Emotive  Qualities  99 

line,  directly  above  Parental  Love  and  below 
Continuity  (see  group  figure).  When  it  is 
large  it  tends  to  produce  a  ridge,  flat-iron- 
shape  and  pointing  upward;  when  small,  it 
presents  a  depression  sufficient  to  contain  the 
ball  of  the  finger.  Its  close  connection  to 
Continuity,  on  the  one  hand,  and  Parental 
Love  on  the  other,  is  very  suggestive. 


CHAPTER  X 

THE   APPLICATIVE   QUALITIES 

The  fifth  group,  known  as  the  Applicative 
Qualities,  is  composed  of  two  particular 
Qualities,  known,  respectively,  as  Firmness 
and  Continuity.  This  group  manifests  in 
outer  form  on  the  centre-line  of  the  head, 
just  above  and  just  below  the  "crown," 
at  which  latter  point  Self-Esteem  is  situated 
(see  Fig.  6). 

Firmness.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  tendency  toward  stability,  tenacity, 
fixedness  of  purpose,  and  decision.  When 
very  highly  developed  with  the  reasoning 
powers  weak  it  often  manifests  as  stubbor- 
ness,  mulishness,  obstinacy,  etc.  Those  in 
whom  it  is  largely  developed  display  firm- 
ness in  decision,  are  "set  in  their  ways," 
cannot  be  driven  by  force  or  converted  by 
argument  when  they  have  once  formed  an 
opinion  and  taken  a  stand.  The  "indomi- 
table will"  arises  from  this  Quality,  in  fact 
this  Quality  might  well  be  termed  the  "Will 
Quality,"  although  it  manifests  by  that  as- 

100 


Fig.  6 
the  applicative  qualities 


101 


102  Human  Nature 

pect  of  Will  which  shows  itself  as  fixedness, 
while  its  companion  Quality,  that  of  Conti- 
nuity, manifests  the  phase  of  Will  known  as 
"stick-to-it-iveness."  Persons  in  whom 
Firmness  is  largely  developed  make  certain 
decisions  and  then  abide  by  them.  They 
may  be  coaxed  but  never  driven.  Prof.  0.  S. 
Fowler,  speaking  of  this  Quality,  said:  "No 
man  ever  succeeded  without  great  will-power 
to  hold  on  and  hold  out  in  the  teeth  of  oppos- 
ing difficulties.  I  never  knew  a  man  distin- 
guished for  anything,  not  even  crimes,  to  lack 
it.  It  is  an  indispensable  prerequisite  of 
greatness  and  goodness.  Without  it  great 
talents  are  of  little  avail,  for  they  accomplish 
little;  but  with  it  large,  fair  to  middling  ca- 
pacities accomplish  commendable  results. 
Success  in  life  depends  more  on  this  than  on 
any  other  single  attribute." 

This  Quality  manifests  outer  form  on  the 
centre-line  of  the  back  part  of  the  top  head, 
just  above  Self-Esteem.  The  location  may 
be  ascertained  by  holding  the  head  erect, 
drawing  an  imaginary  line  upward  from  the 
opening  of  the  ears  straight  to  the  top  of  the 
head  to  the  middle-line  or  centre  of  the  top 


The  Applicative  Qualities  103 

of  the  head— the  location  is  at  this  last-point. 
It  is  usually  quite  prominent,  and  in  many 
men  unusually  large.  When  fully  developed 
it  gives  a  "tallness"  to  the  head  from  the 
opening  of  the  ears  to  top  of  head.  When 
it  is  weak,  there  is  apt  to  be  a  flatness  or 
even  a  depression  at  the  point  of  its  location. 
It  also  manifests  in  a  "stiff  upper  lip,"  that 
is  a  firm  upper  lip,  the  latter  often  being 
longer  than  ordinarily.  A  certain  stiffness 
of  the  upper-lip  is  often  noticed  when  Firm- 
ness is  habitually  asserted,  or  in  cases  when 
the  Quality  is  temporarily  called  into  play. 
The  term  "stiff  upper  lip"  is  more  than  a 
mere  figurative  expression.  Combe  says  of 
this  Quality:  "When  this  organ  predomi- 
nates it  gives  a  peculiar  hardness  to  the  man- 
ner, a  stiffness  and  uprightness  to  the  gait, 
with  a  forcible  and  emphatic  tone  to  the 
voice." 

Continuity.  This  propensity  manifests 
in  a  strong  tendency  to  "stick-to"  a  thing 
once  begun,  until  it  is  finished;  a  disincli- 
nation for  change;  a  habit  of  patient  work 
and  thought ;  a  desire  to  do  but  one  thing  at 
a  time;  etc.    It  is  difficult  to  interest  these 


104  Human  Nature 

people  in  new  things— they  hold  fast  to  the 
old.  They  are  naturally  conservative  and 
are  averse  to  "new-fangled"  things.  They 
are  plodders  and  steady  workers,  and  run  on 
like  a  clock  when  once  wound  up.  They  are 
apt  to  possess  the  power  of  long  and  con- 
tinued concentration  upon  anything  which 
attracts  their  attention,  although  it  is  difficult 
to  attract  their  attention  to  an  entirely  new 
thing.  Prof.  Sizer  says:  "Firmness  gives  a 
stiff,  determined  fortitude,  decision  of  char- 
acter; it  serves  to  brace  up  the  other  facul- 
ties to  the  work  in  hand.  .  .  .  Firmness 
gives  determination  and  obstinacy  of  pur- 
pose, while  Continuity  gives  a  patient,  per- 
fecting, plodding  application.  Of  two  stone- 
cutters with  equal  Firmness,  they  will  be 
alike  thorough  and  persevering,  but  if  one 
has  large  Continuity  he  prefers  to  use  the 
drill  in  one  place  for  hours,  while  the  other 
with  small  Continuity  craves  variety,  and 
prefers  to  use  the  chisel  in  cutting  and  dress- 
ing the  entire  surface  of  the  stone." 

Continuity  in  excess  often  manifests  in 
"long-windedness,"  prosiness,  boredom,  pro- 
lixity and  tiresomeness.     When  it  is  weak 


The  Applicative  Qualities  105 

there  is  manifested  a  "fiightiness,"  tendency 
to  change,  lack  of  concentration,  attraction 
of  the  new,  a  shifting  of  base,  change  of  mind, 
and  general  instability  and  lack  of  ' '  stick-to- 
itiveness."  This  Quality  manifests  outer 
form  on  the  centre  line  of  the  top  back  of  the 
head,  just  below  the  crown  (Self -Esteem) 
and  just  above  Inhabitiveness  (see  group 
figure).  Eeference  to  the  group  figure  will 
show  that  it  is  peculiar  in  shape,  and  forms  a 
semi-circular  arch  over  a  part  of  the  top- 
back  head.  When  fully  developed  that  part 
of  the  head  is  simply  evenly  rounded  with 
swelling;  when  deficient  it  leaves  a  hollow, 
crescent  shape,  horns  downward.  In 
America  we  find  the  majority  of  people  are 
weak  in  Continuity,  while  in  certain  other 
countries  it  is  found  largely  developed  in  the 
majority  of  cases.  This  fact  gives  to  Ameri- 
cans a  benefit  in  certain  directions  and  a 
weakness  in  others. 

Both  Firmness  and  Continuity  are  mani- 
fested almost  entirely  in  connection  with  the 
other  Qualities,  and  are  known  almost  alto 
gether  in  that  way.    In  themselves  they  have 
almost  abstract  nature.    In  determining  char- 


106  Human  Nature 

acter,  they  must  be  taken  largely  into  con- 
sideration, because  their  influence  on  the 
other  Qualities  is  very  great.  In  fact  they 
may  be  said  to  determine  the  degree  of  appli- 
cation of  the  other  Qualities. 


CHAPTER  XI 

THE  MODIFICATIVE  QUALITIES 

The  sixth  group  is  known  as  the  Modifica- 
tive  Qualities  (called  by  the  phrenologists 
"The  Self-Perfecting  Group"),  which  is 
composed  of  the  following  particular  Quali- 
ties. Ideality,  Infinity,  and  Humor,  respect- 
ively. This  group  manifests  outer  form  in 
the  region  of  the  temples,  and  when  large 
gives  width  to  the  sides  of  the  fore  part  of 
the  head  (See  Figure  7). 

Ideality.  This  Quality  could  well  be  called 
the  "Artistic"  quality  of  the  mind.  It  man- 
ifests in  a  strong  desire  for  the  beautiful,  the 
ideal,  the  elegant,  the  polished,  the  graceful, 
the  refined.  It  is  also  closely  connected  with 
the  phase  of  mental  activity  called  "Imagi- 
nation." Those  in  whom  it  is  largely  devel- 
oped manifest  the  artistic  taste  and  tem- 
perament, the  love  of  art,  beauty  and  the 
ideal,  the  poetic  spirit,  the  love  of  the  re- 
fined and  choice— and  a  corresponding  dis- 
like for  all  opposed  to  these  tastes  and  quali- 
ties. 

107 


Fig.  7 
the  modificative  qualities 


108 


The  Modificative  Qualities         109 

Spurzheim  says  of  it:  "A  poetic  turn  of 
mind  results  from  a  peculiar  mode  of  feel- 
ing. Vividness,  glow,  exaltation,  imagina- 
tion, inspiration,  rapture,  exaggeration,  and 
warmth  of  expression  are  requisite  for 
poetry.  Poets  depict  a  fictitious  and  imag- 
inary world.  This  faculty  gives  glow  to  the 
other  faculties;  impresses  the  poetical  and 
ideal ;  aspires  to  imaginary  perfection  in 
every  thing;  creates  enthusiasm  in  friend- 
ship, virtue,  painting,  masie,  etc.;  produces 
sentimentality,  and  leads  to  delicacy  and  sus- 
ceptibility. It  often  acts  with  Spirituality 
(Mysticism),  located  adjoining  it,  in  embel- 
lishing poetry  with  the  mysterious  and  su- 
pernatural. Practical  exaltation  varies  with 
this  organ." 

Combe  says : ' '  This  faculty  loves  exquisite- 
ness,  perfection,  and  the  beau-ideal;  gives 
inspiration  to  the  poet;  stimulates  those  fac- 
ulties which  form  ideas  to  create  perfect 
scenes ;  inspires  man  with  a  ceaseless  love  of 
improvement,  and  prompts  him  to  form  and 
realize  splendid  conceptions;  imparts  an  ele- 
vated strain  to  language,  and  shows  a  splen- 
dor of  eloquence  and  poetic  feeling ;  and  gives 


110  Human  Natuke 

to  conversation  a  fascinating  sprightliness 
and  buoyancy— the  opposite  of  dryness  and 
dullness." 

In  addition  to  the  above  characteristics, 
which  are  largely  due  to  the  co-operation  of 
Mysticism,  Infinity,  and  Reverence,  there  is 
another  set  of  manifestations  which  were 
largely  overlooked  by  the  older  phrenologists 
—the  activity  of  the  Imagination  in  connec- 
tion with  Constructiveness.  This  combina- 
tion of  Constructiveness  and  Ideality  is 
found  in  the  great  scientists,  inventors,  great 
financiers,  and  others  whose  plans  for  "build- 
ing up"  show  that  Ideality  has  been  also  very 
active  in  the  direction  of  picturing  "what 
may  be" — the  ideal  which  Construction 
makes  real.  In  much  mental  constructive 
work,  there  is  found  the  artistic  element, 
which  arises  from  Ideality.  This  Quality 
manifests  outer  form  in  the  upper  and  fron- 
tal portion  of  the  temples,  just  where  the 
head  begins  to  curve  upward,  and  just  in 
front  of,  or  under,  the  edges  of  the  hair  (see 
group  figure).  It  is  just  above  Constructive- 
ness, and  just  below  Mysticism  and  Imitation, 
a  position  which  throws  light  on  its  several 
phases  of  manifestation  above  noted. 


The  Modificative  Qualities         111 

Infinity.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  realization  of  the  grand,  the  majestic, 
the  vast,  the  illimitable,  the  infinite,  the 
eternal,  the  absolute,  the  omnipotent,  the  om- 
nipresent, the  omniscient.  It  is  the  realizing 
sense  of  The  Great.  Those  in  whom  it  is 
large  are  impressed  by  the  sublime,  the  ma- 
jestic, the  grand,  in  nature  or  in  thought  and 
conception.  Niagara;  the  great  work  of  the 
architect;  the  thunder-storm;  the  giant  red- 
wood of  California;  the  ocean;  or  the 
thoughts  of  Infinity,  alike  appeal  to  the  one 
in  whom  this  Quality  is  large.  If  Reverence 
be  large,  the  trend  of  Infinity  will  be  toward 
religious  ideas— the  greatness  of  God.  If  the 
intellectual  faculties  be  in  the  ascendency,  In- 
finity will  lead  to  high  conceptions  of  Space, 
Nature,  the  Infinite.  If  Ideality  be  large, 
Infinity  will  incline  toward  the  grand  and 
great  in  art.  If  Constructiveness  be  well  de- 
veloped, Infinity  will  impel  to  the  creation  of 
great  works,  enterprises,  buildings,  schemes, 
or  what  not.  Infinity  influences  everything 
in  the  direction  of  largeness  and  greatness. 
This  Quality  manifests  in  outer  form  on  the 
side  of  the  head,  about  midway  between  fore- 


112  Human  Nature 

head  and  back-head,  and  about  midway  be- 
tween "top  and  bottom"  of  that  part  of  the 
head  which  contains  the  brain  (see  group 
figure).  It  is  back  of  Ideality,  and  in  front 
of  Cautiousness;  below  Optimism  and  above 
Acquisitiveness,  on  the  side  of  the  head 
where  the  upward  curve  begins. 

Humor.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  appreciation  of  the  ludicrous,  humor- 
ous, ironical,  facetious,  and  raillery.  Spurz- 
heim  says:  "Those  who  write  like  Voltaire, 
Rabelais,  Piron,  Sterne,  Rabener,  Wieland, 
and  all  who  are  fond  of  jest,  raillery,  ridicule, 
irony,  and  comical  conceptions,  have  the  up- 
per and  outer  parts  of  the  forehead  imme- 
diately before  Beauty  (Ideality)  of  consid- 
erable size."  Combe  says:  "I  have  found 
in  the  manifestations  of  those  whose  Wit 
(Mirthfulness)  predominates  over  Causality 
(Logic)  a  striking  love  of  the  purely  ludi- 
crous ;  their  great  delight  being  to  heap 
absurd  and  incongruous  ideas  together;  ex- 
tract laughter  out  of  every  object;  and  en- 
joy the  mirth  their  sallies  created;  and  there- 
fore agree  with  Spurzheim  that  the  senti- 
ment of  the  ludicrous  is  its  primitive  func- 


The  Modificative  Qualities         113 

tion."  Those  in  whom  it  is  very  large  are 
apt  to  be  regarded  as  trifling  and  undignified, 
and  people  often  lack  respect  for  them.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  weak  are  apt  to  be  over-serious 
and  dreary.  A  sense  of  humor  is  valuable 
in  many  ways,  among  which  is  its  influence 
in  letting  us  see  the  silly  side  of  much  pre- 
tentious nonsense  which  might  otherwise  de- 
ceive our  [reason  and  judgment.  Many  a 
solemn  and  dignified  fallacy  or  error  can  best 
be  attacked  through  a  laugh  and  a  realiza- 
tion of  its  absurdity.  This  Quality  manifests 
outer  form  on  the  upper  and  lateral  part  of 
the  forehead  (see  group  figure).  It  is  just 
before  Ideality  and  just  below  Imitation. 
When  large  it  gives  a  square  and  prominent 
shape  to  this  part  of  the  forehead. 


CHAPTER  XII 

THE  RELATIVE  QUALITIES 

The  seventh  group  is  known  as  the  Relative 
Qualities,  and  is  composed  of  the  following 
four  particular  Qualities:  Human  Nature; 
Suavity;  Sympathy;  and  Imitation;  respec- 
tively. The  designation  "Relative"  is  ap- 
plied to  this  group,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that 
its  activities  are  concerned  with  the  relations 
between  the  individual  and  others  of  his  kind. 
The  group  manifests  outer  form  in  the  front- 
upper  part  of  the  head,  beginning  just  above 
the  line  of  the  hair,  from  which  it  extends 
backward  toward  the  top-head.    (See  Fig.  8.) 

Human  Nature.  This  Quality  manifests  in 
a  strong  desire  to  read  character,  discern  hu- 
man motives,  interpret  feelings  and  thoughts, 
and  to  hnoiv  men  and  women  thoroughly. 
Those  in  whom  it  is  large  seem  to  read  the 
mind,  motives  and  character  of  those  whom 
they  meet,  in  an  almost  intuitive  manner— the 
ideas,  feelings,  thoughts,  motives  and  designs 
of  others  seem  like  an  open  book  to  them. 
They  are  natural  physiognomists,  and  under- 

114 


Fig.  8 
the  relative  qualities 


115 


116  Human  Nature 

stand  Human  Nature  in  both  its  inner  states 
and  outer  forms.  This  quality  is  largely  de- 
veloped in  successful  salesmen,  detectives, 
credit-men,  politicians,  and  others  whose  suc- 
cess depends  largely  upon  the  ability  to  read 
the  character  of  those  with  whom  they  come 
in  contact.  This  Quality  concerns  itself  with 
the  entire  subject  matter  of  this  book,  and  is 
of  the  utmost  importance  to  every  individual. 
It  should  be  developed  and  trained. 

Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  explains  its  manifesta- 
tions, and  at  the  same  time  directs  one  along 
the  lines  of  its  cultivation,  as  follows :  "Scan 
closely  all  the  actions  of  men,  in  order  to  as- 
certain their  motives  and  mainsprings  of  ac- 
tion; look  with  a  sharp  eye  at  man,  woman 
and  child,  all  you  meet,  as  if  you  would  read 
them  through;  note  particularly  the  expres- 
sion of  the  eye,  as  if  you  would  imbibe  what  it 
signifies;  say  to  yourself,  what  faculty 
prompted  this  expression  and  that  action? 
drink  in  the  general  looks,  attitude,  natural 
language  and  manifestations  of  men,  and 
yield  yourself  to  the  impressions  naturally 
made  on  you;  that  is,  study  human  nature 
both  as  a  philosophy  and  a  sentiment." 


The  Eelative  Qualities  117 

This  Quality  manifests  in  outer  form  on  the 
middle-line  of  the  summit  of  the  forehead, 
just  where  the  hair  usually  begins  to  appear, 
and  from  thence  slightly  upward  around  the 
curve  (see  group  figure).  It  is  directly  above 
Analysis  and  is  often  mistaken  for  a  continu- 
ation thereof.  Its  nearness  to  that  Quality  in- 
dicates its  relationship  thereto,  the  connec- 
tion being  very  close ;  in  fact,  some  authorities 
have  treated  it  as  a  particular  phase  of  An- 
alysis. It  is  directly  in  front  of  and  below 
Sympathy,  which  position  is  also  suggestive, 
for  we  must  first  understand  the  feelings  of 
others  before  we  can  sympathize  with  them. 
It  is  between  the  two  lobes  of  Suavity,  which 
position  is  also  suggestive,  for  Suavity  de- 
pends upon  an  understanding  of  the  character 
and  feelings  of  others,  in  order  that  we  may 
"fall  in"  with  the  same.  In  the  same  way 
Imitation,  which  closely  adjoins  it,  depends 
upon  Human  Nature  for  its  copying  material. 
"When  largely  developed  this  Quality  gives  a 
peculiar  fullness  and  height  to  the  upper  fore- 
head. 

Suavity.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  desire  to  be  agreeable,  suave,  pleasant, 


118  Human  Nature 

polite  and  attractive  to  other  people.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  large  possess  a  charming  per- 
sonality; a  "winning  way;"  are  interesting 
and  agreeable;  polite,  and  often  fascinating. 
They  always  say  the  right  thing  to  the  right 
person  at  the  right  time  and  right  place. 
They  sugar-coat  unpleasant  truths,  and  are 
natural  diplomats.  This  is  the  Quality  of 
Tact.  These  people  are  "all  things  to  all 
men,"  and  show  every  evidence  of  having 
"kissed  the  Blarney  Stone,"  and  of  under- 
standing the  manufacture  and  use  of  "soft 
soap." 

With  Human  Nature  large,  they,  as 
Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  says  "know  just  how 
and  when  to  take  and  hoodwink  men;  with 
Secretiveness  (Cunning)  large  and  Conscien- 
tiousness small,  are  oily  and  palavering,  and 
flatter  victims,  and  serpent-like  salivate  be- 
fore swallowing."  When  the  adjoining  Qual- 
ity of  Humor  is  large,  they  add  humor  and  wit 
to  their  other  attractive  qualities.  This  Qual- 
ity, in  normal  development,  is  the  lubricant 
which  makes  the  wheels  of  social  and  business 
intercourse  run  smoothly.  In  excess  it  ren- 
ders one  "too  smooth"  and  "oily;"  while  its 


The  Relative  Qualities  119 

deficiency  renders  one  boorish,  unattractive 
and  disagreeable.  It  manifests  in  outer  form 
in  the  upper-fore  part  of  the  head,  about  the 
hair-line,  and  on  each  side  of  Human  Nature. 
It  is  just  below  Imitation,  just  above  Logic, 
and  touches  the  upper  side  of  Mirthfulness 
(see  group  figure).  Together  with  Human 
Nature,  when  both  are  large,  it  tends  to  give 
a  squareness  and  fullness  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  forehead,  and  a  somewhat  angular  turn 
to  the  forehead  at  that  point. 

Sympathy.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  feeling  of  kindness,  compassion,  benev- 
olence, sympathy,  and  desire  to  make  and 
see  others  happy.  Its  manifestation  is  al- 
ways altruistic.  When  largely  developed  it 
causes  one  to  feel  the  pains  of  others,  and  to 
be  unhappy  at  the  sight,  thought  or  hearing 
of  their  pains  and  woes.  When  deficient  or 
weak  it  allows  the  person  to  be  callous  to  the 
misfortunes  of  others.  When  normally  de- 
veloped it  causes  one  to  radiate  Kindness, 
Sympathy  and  Compassion,  but  in  excess  it 
renders  one  miserable  because  of  the  con- 
sciousness of  the  "world-pain,"  and  often 
causes  one  to  be  the  victim  of  misplaced  sym- 


120  Human  Nature 

pathy  and  confidence.  It  is  unnecessary  to 
state  that  those  in  whom  this  propensity  is 
strong  are  to  be  found  serving  their  fellow- 
men  in  charitable,  philanthropic,  and  educa- 
tional work.  Some  have  it  in  such  excess  that 
they  will  impoverish  themselves  and  their 
families  in  order  to  help  perfect  strangers 
or  the  race  at  large.  It  manifests  outer  form 
on  the  fore  part  of  the  top  head,  on  the  mid- 
dle-line, commencing  just  about  where  the 
hair  begins  and  running  back  almost  to  the 
middle  of  the  top-head.  It  is  immediately  in 
front  of  Eeverence.  When  large  it  tends  to 
give  the  head  a  little  forward  tilt  or  inclina- 
tion, as  if  toward  the  person  for  whom  sym- 
pathy is  felt.  In  listening  to  a  story  awaken- 
ing sympathy,  one  naturally  inclines  the  head 
a  little  forward. 

Imitation.  This  Quality  manifests  itself 
in  the  strong  tendency  to  reproduce,  copy, 
take  pattern  of,  or  mimic.  It  plays  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  work  of  the  artist  and  the 
actor.  It  enables  one  in  whom  it  is  largely 
developed  to  enter  into  the  ideas,  plans  and 
works  of  others ;  to  "  catch  their  spirit ; ' '  and 
to  reproduce  their  work  or  ideas.    In  connec- 


The  Relative  Qualities  121 

tion  with  Ideality  it  forms  a  large  part  of  the 
artistic  talent  in  all  lines  of  creative  work. 
With  large  Constructiveness  and  Ideality,  it 
makes  the  inventor  and  the  designer  who  build 
upon  that  which  has  gone  before  that  which 
is  new  and  original.  With  Self -Esteem  small 
and  Approbativeness  large,  this  Quality  will 
cause  the  person  to  "follow  my  leader"  and 
imitate  others,  rather  than  to  assert  his  own 
originality  and  creative  power.  This  Quality 
is  noticeable  principally  as  a  modifier  of  the 
other  faculties  and  propensities.  It  mani- 
fests outer  form  on  the  upper  sides  of  the 
forehead,  toward  the  top  of  the  head  (see 
group  figure).  It  lies  just  below  Sympathy, 
and  above  Ideality;  before  Mysticism,  and 
back  of  Suavity. 


CHAPTER  XIII 

THE  PERCEPTIVE  QUALITIES 

The  eighth  group  is  known  as  the  Percep- 
tive Qualities,  composed  of  the  following  par- 
ticular Qualities,  respectively:  Observation; 
Form;  Size;  Weight;  Color;  Order;  Calcula- 
tion; Tune;  Time;  Locality;  Eventuality,  and 
Words.  This  group  manifests  outer  form  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  forehead,  in  the  region 
of  the  eye.  (See  Fig.  9.)  When  large  this 
group  often  gives  to  the  upper  forehead  the 
appearance  of  "retreating"  or  sloping  back- 
ward. Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  says  of  the  appear- 
ance of  those  Qualities  which  manifest  outer 
form  under  the  eyebrows:  "The  following 
rule  for  observing  their  size  obviates  the  ob- 
jection sometimes  urged  that  the  eyebrows 
and  their  arches  prevent  the  correct  diagnosis 
of  these  smaller  organs  crowded  so  thickly  to- 
gether. The  rule  is:  The  shape  of  the  eye- 
brows reveals  the  size,  absolute  and  relative, 
of  each,  thus:  When  all  are  large,  the  eye- 
brow is  long  and  arching;  when  all  are  defi- 
cient, it  is  short  and  straight ;  when  some  are 

122 


Fig.  9 
the  perceptive  qualities 


123 


124  Human  Nature 

large  and  others  small,  it  arches  over  the 
large  ones,  but  passes  horizontally  over  those 
which  are  small.  This  rule  is  infallible." 
The  other  Qualities  of  the  group,  according 
to  Prof.  Sizer,  "is  located  above  the  eyes,  and 
.  .  .  constitute  about  one-third  of  the 
depth  of  the  forehead,  beginning  at  the  arch 
of  the  eye." 

Observation.  This  Quality  was  given  the 
name  of  "Individuality"  by  the  early  phren- 
ologists, but  this  term  is  considered  mislead- 
ing, owing  to  the  later  usage  of  that  term. 
It  manifests  in  a  strong  desire  to  observe,  see, 
examine,  inspect,  and  "know"  the  things  of 
the  objective  life.  Those  in  whom  it  is  largely 
developed  feel  the  insatiable  urge  of  the  in- 
quisitive spirit;  they  desire  to  investigate 
everything  coming  under  their  notice.  Many 
little  details  in  the  objects  or  subjects  in 
which  they  are  interested  are  noticed  by  them, 
while  overlooked  by  the  majority  of  people. 

Prof.  Sizer  says  of  it  that  it ' '  gives  a  recog- 
nition of  things  and  the  special  points  and 
facts  of  subjects ;  quickness  of  observation  is 
an  important  element  in  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge.     .     .     .    Those    in    whom    it    is 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  125 

large  are  eager  to  see  all  that  may  be  seen,  and 
nothing  escapes  their  attention.  It  opens  the 
door  for  the  action  of  all  the  other  perceptive 
organs.  .  .  .  They  are  quick  to  notice 
everything  that  is  presented  to  the  eye ;  and 
it  goes  farther,  and  enables  us  to  recognize 
that  which  we  touch,  or  sounds  we  hear.  The 
rattling  strokes  of  a  drum  are  distinct  noises, 
and  each  is  an  individuality." 

Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler,  says:  "It  is  adapted, 
and  adapts  men  to  the  divisibility  of  matter, 
or  that  natural  attribute  which  allows  it  to  be 
subdivided  indefinitely.  Yet  each  division 
maintains  a  personal  existence.  It  thus  puts 
man  in  relation  and  contact  with  a  world  full 
of  things  for  his  inspection,  as  well  as  ex- 
cites in  him  an  insatiable  desire  to  examine 
everything.  It  is  therefore  the  looking  fac- 
ulty. Its  distinctive  office  is  to  observe 
things.  It  asks:  'What  is  this?'  and  says, 
'Show  me  that!'  .  .  .  Before  we  can 
know  the  uses,  properties,  causes,  etc.,  of 
things,  we  must  first  know  that  such  things 
exist,  and  of  this  Observation  informs  us." 

This  Quality  is  largely  involved  in  the  proc- 
ess of  Attention.    It  usually  manifests  in  the 


126  Human  Nature 

form  of  involuntary  attention,  that  is,  atten- 
tion to  interesting  things.  But,  nnder  the  in- 
fluence of  the  will,  with  Firmness  large,  it 
manifests  voluntary  attention,  or  attention  or 
study  of  objects  not  interesting  in  themselves, 
but  which  it  is  important  to  study  and  know. 
It  is  largely  developed  in  children  and  unde- 
veloped adults  in  the  phase  of  curiosity  or 
desire  to  observe  new  things.  In  adults,  of 
developed  minds,  it  manifests  as  attention  to 
things  of  material  interest  and  important  sub- 
jects or  objects  of  study.  This  Quality  is  the 
master  of  its  associated  Qualities  in  this 
group,  and  is  involved  in  all  of  their  activites. 

It  manifests  outer  form  in  the  middle  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  forehead,  between  the  inner 
ends  of  the  eyebrows,  and  above  the  top  of  the 
nose— " just  above  the  root  of  the  nose,"  in 
fact.  Prof.  0  S.  Fowler  says :  "  When  it  is 
large,  the  eyebrows  flex  downward  at  their 
nasal  ends,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  fore- 
head projects.  "When  it  is  deficient,  the  eye- 
brows are  straight  at  their  inner  ends,  and 
come  close  together  "     (See  group  figure). 

Form.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of  the 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  127 

form  and  shape  of  objects  observed.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  large  most  readily  perceive, 
recognize  and  remember  details  of  form  and 
shape,  faces,  etc.  It  manifests  outer  form  be- 
tween, and  slightly  above,  the  eyes,  on  each 
side  of  Observation  (see  group  figure). 
When  large  it  tends  to  push  the  eyes  apart 
and  outward.  Sizer  says:  "The  width  be- 
tween the  eyes  is  the  indication  of  its  develop- 
ment. .  .  .  When  small  the  eyes  are 
nearer  together,  which  gives  a  pinched  expres- 
sion to  that  part  of  the  face ;  when  the  organ 
is  large,  the  eyes  appear  to  be  separated, 
pushing  away  from  the  root  of  the  nose.  Dis- 
tinguished artists  have  the  eyes  widely  sep- 
arated." Audobon  said  of  Bewick,  an  emi- 
nent English  wood-engraver,  "His  eyes  were 
placed  farther  apart  than  those  of  any  man 
I  have  ever  seen. ' ' 

Size.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cogni- 
zance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of  the 
size  and  magnitude  of  objects  observed. 
Those  in  whom  it  is  large  most  readily  per- 
ceive, recognize  and  remember  the  size,  di- 
mensions, proportion,  distance,  height  and 
depth,  quantity,  bulk  of  things.    It  manifests 


128  Human  Nature 

outer  form  on  each  side  of  Observation,  but  a 
little  lower  down  (see  group  figure),  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  root  of  the  nose  and  arch 
of  the  eyebrows.  Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  says: 
"In  proportion  as  it  is  large  it  causes  the  in- 
ner portion  of  the  eyebrows  to  project  over 
the  inner  portions  of  the  eyes,  quite  like 
the  eaves  of  a  house,  forming  a  shed  over  the 
inner  portion  of  each  eye." 

Weight.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of 
weight,  balance  and  gravity  of  things.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  large  most  readily  perceive, 
recognize,  and  remember  the  weight  of 
things;  and  also  things  out  of  balance  or 
plumb.  These  people  seem  to  have  the  fac- 
ulty of  balancing  themselves  nicely,  and  keep- 
ing their  feet  on  a  slippery  surface,  on  a  tight- 
rope, etc.,  and  often  walk  with  a  swinging, 
free  motion,  indicating  a  sense  of  balance 
and  security.  This  Quality  manifests  under 
the  eyebrows,  next  to  Size,  about  a  half  inch 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  nose,  rising  some- 
what above  the  inner  part  of  the  eyeball  and 
the  bridge  of  the  nose.  Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler 
says:    "Draw  a  perpendicular  line  from  the 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  129 

centre  of  each  eye  up  to  the  eyebrow; 
Weight  is  internally,  and  Color  externally  of 
this  line  under  the  eyebrows." 

Color.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of  the 
color,  hue,  shade,  and  tint  of  things.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  large  most  readily  perceive, 
recognize  and  remember  the  colors,  shadings, 
blendings  and  combination  of  tints,  and  to 
compare,  match  and  harmonize  colors  instinc- 
tively. It  manifests  outer  form  under  the 
eyebrows,  just  back  of  Weight  (see  rule  for 
finding,  in  last  paragraph),  and  occupies  the 
space  directly  under  the  centre  of  the  arch 
of  the  eyebrows,  (see  group  figure).  When 
largely  developed  it  gives  an  upward  and  for- 
ward arch  to  the  eyebrows. 

Order.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of 
order,  method  and  arrangement.  Those  in 
whom  it  is  large  most  readily  perceive,  recog- 
nize, and  remember  the  order  and  sequence 
in  which  objects  appear  or  are  arranged. 
They  are  very  methodical,  precise,  and  pay  at- 
tention to  details  of  arrangement  and  system. 
They  ' '  have  a  place  for  everything, ' '  and  like 


130  Human  Nature 

to  "keep  everything  in  its  place.'1  In  busi- 
ness they  are  "strong  on  system,"  sometimes 
overdoing  it.  They  are  also  fond  of  rules, 
laws,  customs,  and  codes,  and  adhere  strictly 
thereto.  They  like  everything  pigeon-holed, 
labelled,  or  else  fenced  in  and  off  from  every 
other  thing.  Are  also  great  disciplinarians. 
This  Quality  manifests  outer  form  next  to 
Color,  and  beneath  the  junction  of  the  bony 
ridges  (on  the  sides  of  the  head)  and  the  eye- 
brows, (see  group  figure).  Prof.  0.  S.  Fow- 
ler says :  ' '  When  very  large  it  forms  an  arch, 
almost  an  angle,  in  the  eyebrows  at  this  point, 
accompanied  by  its  projection  or  hanging 
over.  .  .  .  When  small,  the  eyebrows  at 
this  point  retire,  and  are  straight  and  flat, 
wanting  that  arched  projection  given  by  large 
Order."  Combe  says:  "Its  large  develop- 
ment produces  a  square  appearance  at  the 
external  angle  of  the  lower  part  of  the  fore- 
head." 

Calculation.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
cognizance,  appreciation,  and  recollection  of 
number,  figures,  calculations,  etc.  Those  in 
whom  it  is  largely  developed  most  readily  per- 
ceive, recognize,  and  remember  anything  con- 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  131 

cerned  with  the  number  of  things,  or  calcula- 
tions based  thereon.  They  are  natural  arith- 
meticians and  mathematicians.  Calculation 
comes  easy  to  them,  and  in  cases  of  high  de- 
velopment they  may  be  said  to  "think  mathe- 
matically." This  Quality  manifests  outer 
form  next  to  Order,  and  under  the  outer  ends 
of  the  eyebrows  (see  group  figure) . 

Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler,  says :  "It  elongates  the 
ends  of  the  eyebrows  laterally,  and  flexes 
them  horizontally  in  proportion  as  it  is  de- 
veloped, yet  when  deficient  the  eyebrow  is  left 
short  externally,  does  not  project  beyond  the 
eye,  atnd  terminates  running  downwards/' 
Gall  says :  "Its  convolution  is  a  continuation 
of  the  lowest  convolution  of  Tune ,  and  is 
placed  on  the  most  external  part  of  the  orbital 
plate,  in  a  furrow  running  from  before  back- 
wards. When  it  is  very  large  it  depresses 
the  external  part  of  the  plate,  so  that  the  su- 
per orbital  arch  is  irregular,  except  in  its  in- 
ternal part;  its  external  line  representing  a 
straight  line,  which  descends  obliquely. 
Hence  the  external  part  of  the  eyelid  is  de- 
pressed, and  conceals  the  corresponding  part 
of  the  eye. ' ' 


132  Human  Nature 

Tune.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of 
tune,  music,  harmony,  melody,  etc.  Those  in 
whom  it  is  large  most  readily  perceive,  rec- 
ognize, and  remember  all  connected  with  the 
subject  of  Music.  It  is  the  musical  sense, 
taste  and  faculty.  Its  characteristics  are  too 
well-known  to  require  elaboration.  It  mani- 
fests outer  form  in  the  lateral  and  lower  part 
of  the  forehead,  above  Order  and  Calcula- 
tion, in  front  of  Constructiveness,  and  back  of 
Time  (see  group  figure).  Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler 
says:  "When  large  it  fills  out  the  lower, 
frontal  portions  of  the  temples.  .  .  . 
Still,  being  located  in  a  kind  of  corner 
.  .  .  and  the  temporal  muscle  passing  over 
it,  its  position  varies  somewhat,  which  ren- 
ders observation  more  difficult,  except  in  the 
heads  of  children,  in  whom  it  is  generally 
larger  than  in  adults. ' ' 

Time.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of  time, 
duration,  rhythm,  etc.  Those  in  whom  it  is 
large  most  readily  perceive,  recognize,  and 
remember  all  connected  with  the  flight  of 
time,  dates,  duration,  periodicity,  chronology, 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  133 

etc.  Spurzheim  says  of  it  that  it,  ''perceives 
the  duration,  simultaneousness,  and  succes- 
sion of  phenomena. ' '  It  may  be  called  ' '  the 
time  sense ' '  which  is  so  apparent  in  some  per- 
sons, and  so  noticeable  by  reason  of  its  ab- 
sence in  others.  It  manifests  outer  form 
above  Color  and  Weight,  in  front  of  Tune, 
and  back  of  Locality  (see  group  figure). 

Locality.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cog- 
nizance, appreciation,  and  recollection  of 
places,  positions ,  locations,  directions,  etc. 
Those  in  whom  it  is  large  most  readily  per- 
ceive, recognize,  and  remember  places,  direc- 
tions, positions,  land-marks,  points-of-the 
compass,  roads,  paths,  streets,  and  other 
things  having  to  do  with  space.  Such  persons 
are  never  "lost"  nor  confused  as  to  direction 
or  locality;  they  have  an  almost  instinctive 
"sense  of  direction."  It  is  the  geographical 
or  traveller's  sense.  It  is  found  large  in  the 
majority  of  travellers,  sailors,  civil  engineers, 
etc.  Persons  in  whom  it  is  large  can  find 
themselves  about  a  strange  city  without 
trouble,  and  will  remember  old  scenes,  places, 
locations  for  years.    Those  in  whom  it  is  weak 


134  Human  Nature 

frequently  ''get  lost,"  or  mixed  up  regarding 
place,  position  and  direction. 

It  manifests  outer  form  over  Size  and 
Weight,  or  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
above  the  inner  half  of  the  eyebrows,  and 
runs  upwards  and  outwards  (see  group 
figure).  It  is  said  to  have  been  immensely 
developed  and  apparent  in  Capt.  Cook,  the 
eminent  explorer,  and  the  portraits  of  Co- 
lumbus and  other  great  explorers  and  travel- 
lers show  a  distinct  enlargement  of  this  lo- 
cality. Gall,  who  discovered  the  location  of 
this  Quality,  took  casts  of  the  heads  of  noted 
explorers  and  travellers,  and  others  manifest- 
ing the  "sense  of  place  and  direction,"  and 
upon  comparing  them,  "found  in  them  all,  in 
the  region  directly  over  the  eyes,  two  large 
prominences,  which  began  just  inside  the  root 
of  the  nose,  and  ascended  obliquely  upwards 
and  outwards  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  fore- 
head." Dr.  Caldwell  states  that,  "Daniel 
Boone  who  was  perpetually  going  from  one 
place  to  another,  was  the  most  celebrated 
hunter  and  woodsman  of  his  age,  and  pos- 
sessed this  organ  in  a  degree  of  development 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  135 

so  bold  and  prominent  that  it  deformed  his 
face." 

Eventuality.  This  Quality  manifests  in 
a  cognizance  appreciation  and  recollection 
of  facts,  events,  happenings,  occurrences, 
news,  etc.  Those  in  whom  it  is  large  most 
readily  perceive,  recognize  and  remember 
striking  events,  facts,  doings,  occurrences— in 
short,  news.  Such  persons  have  the  ' '  nose  for 
news"  which  is  so  important  to  the  news- 
paper man,  scientific  investigator,  researcher 
in  any  line,  and  general  investigator.  It  is 
the  "historical  faculty,"  and  the  "journal- 
istic sense,"  as  well  as  an  important  part  of 
the  "scientific  instinct."  These  people  make 
good  witnesses,  story  tellers,  and  entertainers. 
They  know  "what  is  going  on,"  and  are  the 
people  to  go  to  when  one  wishes  to  "hear  the 
news,"  or  to  learn  the  past  history  of  any- 
thing or  anybody. 

This  Quality  manifests  outer  form  in  the 
centre  of  the  forehead,  immediately  above  Ob- 
servation, and  in  front  of  Locality  (see 
group  figure).  When  large  it  tends  to  "fill 
out"  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  Prof.  0.  S. 
Fowler  says :    "It  sometimes  seems  deficient, 


136  Human  Nature 

because  the  surrounding  organs  are  large, 
whereas  close  inspection  shows  it  to  be  large. 
Steady  the  head  with  the  left  hand,  and  place 
the  second  finger  of  the  right  in  the  very 
centre  of  the  forehead,  firmly  on  the  head, 
and  then  work  the  skin  horizontally.  If  your 
finger  caresses  an  up-and-down  ridge  about 
the  size  of  a  pipe-stem,  this  faculty  is  vigor- 
ous, and  has  been  much  used  and  strengthened 
by  culture  of  late  years.  Where  it  is  not  no- 
ticeably full,  but  has  been  taxed  by  business 
or  literary  pursuits,  or  had  a  great  many  little 
things  to  do  for  years,  it  appears  deficient  to 
the  eye,  but  the  rule  just  given  for  this  per- 
pendicular pipe-stem  ridge  signifies  great  ac- 
tivity and  vigor  in  it."  (See  group  figure.) 

Words.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  cogni- 
zance, appreciation  and  recollection  of  words, 
terms,  phrases,  etc.,  and  their  meanings. 
Those  in  whom  it  is  large  most  readily  per- 
ceive, recognize  and  remember  the  words,  ex- 
pressions, gestures  and  other  modes  of  com- 
munication between  the  minds  of  men,  and 
are  proficient  not  only  in  perceiving  and  un- 
derstanding them,  but  also  in  employing  and 
using  them.    It  is  the  taste,  power,  and  ability 


The  Perceptive  Qualities  137 

to  receive  verbal  Impressions  and  to  manifest 
verbal  Expression.  It  produces  the  orator, 
and  the  adept  in  the  use  of  words  in  writing. 
To  those  persons  in  whom  it  is  largely  devel- 
oped, words  take  on  life  and  reality,  and  be- 
come living  thought.  In  excess,  it  produces 
verbosity,  talkativeness,  and  "windiness"  of 
expression.  When  deficient,  it  renders  one 
unable  to  properly  express  himself.  It  mani- 
fests outer  form  above  and  partly  behind  the 
superorbital  plates,  which  form  the  roof  of 
the  sockets  of  the  eyes,  and  when  large  tends 
to  press  the  eyes  forward  and  downward.  Its 
location  was  discovered  by  Gall,  who  observed 
that  those  fluent  in  the  use  of  words  almost 
always  had  full  and  prominent  eyes,  and 
prominent  under  eye-lids.  The  fullness  of  the 
eyes  and  lower  eyelids,  therefore,  is  its  dis- 
tinguishing mark. 

Professor  0.  S.  Fowler  says:  "See  how 
the  eyes  stand  out  beyond  the  cheekbone— 
the  best  standard  points  from  which  to  esti- 
mate its  size,  because,  though  it  may  be  large, 
yet  the  Perceptives  may  be  still  larger,  in 
which  case  the  latter  will  project  forward  still 
farther     even     beyond     large     Expression. 


138  Human  Nature 

(Words).  Hence  the  fullness  of  the  eyes 
should  not  be  compared  with  the  eyebrows  as 
much  as  ivith  the  bone  below  them,  which  not 
being  subject  to  kindred  mutations,  forms  a 
correct  measuring  point  of  observation. " 
The  pressure  outward  of  the  under  eyelids, 
is  a  good  sign  of  the  development  of  this 
Quality.  It  may  be  objected  to  that  Quality 
of  Words  is  not,  strictly  speaking,  a  Percep- 
tive, but  when  it  is  realized  that  before  words 
may  be  fluently  used,  they  must  be  'perceived, 
recognized,  and  remembered,  the  reason  for 
our  inclusion  of  this  Quality  in  the  Perceptive 
class  may  be  understood. 


CHAPTER  XIV 

THE  REFLECTIVE  QUALITIES 

The  ninth  group  is  known  as  the  Reflective 
Qualities,  which  is  composed  of  the  two  fol- 
lowing particular  Qualities:  Analysis  and 
Logic,  respectively.  This  group  is  accorded 
the  highest  place  among  the  mental  Qualities, 
for  Reason  is  ranked  higher  than  Emotion, 
Feeling  or  Sentiment.  Its  purpose  is  to  phil- 
osophize, penetrate,  investigate,  originate, 
pursue  the  processes  of  inductive  and  deduc- 
tive reasoning,  analyze,  synthesize,  take  apart, 
put  together,  combine,  harmonize,  search  for, 
discover,  and  to  manifest  all  the  processes  of 
Rational  Thought,  using  the  report  of  the 
Perceptives  as  "raw  material."  This  group 
manifests  outer  form  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
forehead,  immediately  above  the  Reflective 
Qualities.  (See  Fig.  10.)  When  large  it  gives 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead  that  appear- 
ance of  intellectuality,  which  is  so  commonly 
recognized,  and  which  has  given  rise  to  the 
semi-slang  phrase  " high-brow' '  as  applied  to 
persons  manifesting  intellect. 

139 


Fig.  10 
the  reflective  qualities 


140 


The  Reflective  Qualities  141 

Analysis.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  desire  to  analyze,  compare,  classify,  in- 
fer, discriminate,  illustrate,  etc.  It  gathers 
together  the  "raw  material"  of  perception, 
and  proceeds  to  analyze  and  compare  its  par- 
ticular parts,  and  then  to  group  the  parts  to- 
gether in  a  new  classification  and  synthesis. 
Those  in  whom  it  is  largely  developed  mani- 
fest the  power  of  comparison  to  a  high  degree, 
discovering  points  of  resemblance  and  differ- 
ence almost  intuitively.  They  will  plunge  to 
the  heart  of  a  subject  in  a  short  time,  and  will 
be  able  to  extract  the  essence  of  an  object  or 
subject  with  comparatively  little  effort. 

Spurzheim  says  of  it:  "The  great  law  of 
this  faculty  seems  to  be  to  form  abstract  ideas, 
generalizations,  and  harmony  among  the 
operations  of  the  other  faculties.  ...  It 
pre-supposes,  however,  the  activity  of  the 
other  faculties,  and  cannot  act  upon  them  if 
they  are  inactive. " 

Professor  Nelson  Sizer  says  that  it,  "fre- 
quently discovers  unexpected  resemblances 
among  other  things,  and  people  who  have  it 
in  a  very  active  condition  are  constantly  sur- 
prising those  in  whom  it  is  dull  by  their  novel 


142  Human  Nature 

illustrations.  It  is  the  source  of  the  ability 
some  writers  possess  of  using  frequently 
metaphors  and  analogies.  .  .  .  While  it 
contributes  to  reason,  it  is  not  strictly  so,  per 
se  ...  It  endeavors  to  prove  that  one 
thing  is  of  such  and  such  a  nature,  because  it 
resembles  another  that  is  so  and  so;  and 
because  the  majority  of  people  have  it  fairly 
developed,  they  are  prone  to  convert  an  illus- 
tration into  an  argument.  It  exercises  a  most 
important  influence  upon  the  mind  in  the  way 
of  analytical  capability;  and  one  who  has  it 
largely  developed  is  quick  in  discovering  and 
understanding  differences,  enigmatical  asser- 
tions and  improper  or  inaccurate  allusions; 
hence  it  is  essential  to  critical  acumen." 

Gall  says,  regarding  its  discovery :  "  I  often 
conversed  with  a  philosopher  endowed  with 
great  vivacity,  who,  when  unable  to  prove  his 
point  by  logic,  had  recourse  to  a  comparison, 
by  which  he  often  threw  his  opponents  off  the 
track,  which  he  could  not  do  by  arguments. ' ' 
It  tends  to  reason  by  analogy,  and  to  make 
rapid  and  clever  generalizations.  The  major- 
ity of  scientists  have  it  largely  developed,  as 
also  do  discoverers  in  all  lines  of  investigation 


The  Reflective  Qualities  143 

and  research,  and  as  Gall  says:  "Its  posses- 
sors seize  and  judge  well  of  the  relations  of 
things,  etc.,  and  are  well  fitted  for  business. ' ' 
It  is  attracted  by  investigation  and  thought 
regarding  concrete  things,  rather  than  by  ab- 
stract subjects.  It  is  scientific,  rather  than 
philosophical. 

As  Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  says,  it:  "illustrates 
with  great  cleverness  and  facility  from  the 
known  to  the  unknown,  and  discovers  the 
deeper  analogies  which  pervade  nature,  and 
has  an  extraordinary  power  of  discovering 
new  truths.  It  reasons  clearly  and  correctly 
from  conclusions  and  scientific  facts  up  to  the 
laws  which  govern  them ;  discerns  the  known 
from  the  unknown;  detects  error  by  its  incon- 
gruity with  facts;  has  an  excellent  talent  for 
comparing,  explaining,  expounding,  criticis- 
ing, exposing,  etc. ;  employs  similes  and  meta- 
phors well ;  puts  this  and  that  together,  and 
draws  correct  inferences  from  them." 

This  Quality  manifests  in  outer  form  in 
the  middle  of  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead, 
along  the  middle-line,  just  below  the  hair,  di- 
rectly above  Eventuality,  and  between  the 
two  lobes  of  Logic  (see  group  figure).    Prof. 


144  Human  Nature 

0.  S.  Fowler  says  of  it:  "It  commences  at 
the  centre  of  the  forehead  and  runs  upward 
nearly  to  the  hair.  When  it  projects  beyond 
surrounding  organs  it  resembles  a  cone,  its 
apex  forming  a  ridge  which  widens  as  it  rises. 
Its  ample  development  elevates  the  middle  of 
the  upper  portion  of  the  forehead,  and  gives 
it  an  ascending  form." 

Logic.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a  strong 
desire  to  inquire  into  the ' '  Why  ? "  of  things— 
into  Causes— into  the  "Wherefore?";  and  to 
reason  therefrom  to  effects  and  application 
of  laws.  Those  in  whom  it  is  large  manifest 
the  power  of  logical  reasoning  to  a  high  de- 
gree, and  abhor  fallacies.  This  is  the  philo- 
sophical faculty  of  mind.  It  searches  back  of 
facts  and  phenomena  for  causes,  motives  and 
laws,  and  then  reasons  deductively  from  these. 
Combe  says:  "This  faculty  prompts  us  on 
all  occasions  to  ask,  "Why  is  this  so,  and  what 
is  its  object?"  It  demands  reasons  and 
proofs  in  the  reasoning  of  its  owner,  as  well 
as  from  others." 

Prof.  Nelson  Sizer  says:  "It  gives  ability 
to  look  deeply  into  subjects,  and  to  appreciate 
the  logical  sequences  of  arguments,  hence  it 


The  Reflective  Qualities  145 

is  large  in  persons  who  indicate  genius  in 
metaphysics,  political  economy,  and  all  sci- 
ences of  a  profound  character.  .  .  .  When 
prominent,  and  the  perceptive  faculties  are 
moderate,  and  Comparison  (Analysis)  is  not 
equally  influential,  it  tends  to  speculative 
thinking.  Men  so  constituted  are  given  to 
spinning  improbable  theories;  their  notions 
are  too  abstract  for  ordinary  minds,  and  they 
are  looked  upon  as  dull  and  heavy  weights  in 
society.  On  the  other  hand  when  it  (Logic) 
is  deficient,  the  individual  is  superficial  and 
incapable  of  taking  comprehensive  views  of 
subjects;  or  forming  judgments  that  will  ap- 
ply to  the  affairs  of  life  successfully. 

Professor  0.  S.  Fowler  says  that  this  Qual- 
ity gives  "the  desire  to  know  the  why  and 
wherefore  of  things,  and  to  investigate  their 
laws;  ability  to  reason  from  causes  down  to 
effects,  and  from  effects  up  to  causes;  the 
therefore  and  wherefore;  ability  to  adapt 
ways  and  means  to  ends,  to  plan,  contrive,  in- 
vent, create  resources,  apply  power  advan- 
tageously, make  heads  save  hands,  kill  two 
birds  with  one  stone,  predict  the  results  of 
given  measures,  etc." 


146  Human  Nature 

This  Quality  manifests  outer  form  in  the 
sides  of  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead,  one 
either  side  of  Analysis  and  over  Locality  (see 
group  figure).  When  large  it  gives  to  the 
forehead  a  "high,  bold,  square"  form.  With 
large  Pereeptives  this  Quality  does  not  pre- 
sent so  prominent  an  appearance  and  so 
marked  a  comparison,  but  with  the  Pereep- 
tives small  it  gives  to  the  brow  an  ' '  overhang- 
ing" appearance.  With  Analysis  equally,  or 
nearly  as  strong,  the  fullness  of  course  ex- 
tends well  across  the  forehead;  but  with 
Analysis  much  smaller,  Logic  presents  a  bulg- 
ing on  each  side  of  the  forehead;  while  with 
Analysis  large  and  Logic  small,  the  latter 
gives  the  appearance  of  two  depressions  on 
each  side  of  the  forehead. 

Spurzheim  well  says  of  the  combination 
of  Analysis  and  Logic  (which  he  terms  ' '  Com- 
parison" and  "Causality,"  respectively): 
"Causality  and  Comparison  combined  con- 
stitute Eeason.  Without  Causality  (Logic) 
there  can  be  no  argumentative  reasoning; 
without  Comparison  (Analysis),  no  compre- 
hensive views,  and  no  nice  distinctions.  Ob- 
servation  teaches   objects,   and  Eventuality 


The  Reflective  Qualities  147 

facts,  while  Comparison  (Analysis)  points 
out  their  identity,  analogy,  difference  or  har- 
mony, whereas  Causality  (Logic)  seeks  their 
causes,  and  all  together  discern  general  prin- 
ciples and  laws ;  draw  conclusions,  inductions 
and  creations,  and  constitute  a  truly  philo- 
sophical understanding." 


CHAPTER  XV 

THE  RELIGIO-MORAL  QUALITIES 

The  tenth  group  is  known  as  the  Religio- 
Moral  Qualities,  and  is  composed  of  the  fol- 
lowing particular  Qualities :  Reverence,  Mys- 
ticism, Optimism,  and  Conscientiousness,  re- 
spectively. This  group  manifests  outer  form 
at  the  front-top  of  the  head,  and  on  either  side 
thereof  (see  Fig.  11). 

Reverence.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  reverence,  respect  and  awe  for  and  of 
higher  beings,  persons  in  authority,  sacred 
things,  religious  ideas,  constituted  authority, 
leaders,  teachers,  and  heroes.  It  may  be  sym- 
bolically expressed  by  the  word,  "Worship." 
Like  that  of  Mysticism,  this  Quality  contains 
within  its  field  the  highest  and  the  lowest.  It 
manifests  the  reverence  and  veneration  for 
the  highest  conceptions  of  Deity  and  Being; 
and  also  the  fear  and  base  servile  worship  of 
idols,  demoniac  deities,  devil-gods,  etc.  Like- 
wise, it  manifests  in  respect  and  submission 
for  the  lawfully  constituted  authorities;  and 
also  for  false  leaders  and  prophets,  charla- 

148 


Fig.  11 
the  bel1gio-mobal  qualities 


149 


150  Human  Nature 

tans  and  importers.  In  the  same  way  it  causes 
a  hero-worship  for  those  who  have  performed 
meritorious  tasks  and  have  wrought  good  for 
the  race;  but  also  for  the  unworthy  persons 
whose  sensational  deeds  have  brought  them 
into  the  "limelight"  of  notoriety.  It  mani- 
fests in  all  forms  of  the  highest  religion ;  and 
in  the  lowest  forms  of  devil-worship  and  low 
superstitious  awe  and  fear,  in  the  richest  re- 
ligious experiences,  and  in  the  wildest  fanat- 
icism and  hallucinations.  The  direction  of 
the  manifestation  is  decided  by  the  relative 
development  of  the  other  propensities,  par- 
ticularly those  of  the  reasoning  faculties. 

This  Quality  manifests  outer  form  on  the 
middle-top  of  the  head,  along  the  middle-line 
directly  in  front  of  Firmness,  back  of  Sym- 
pathy, and  just  above  Mysticism  and  Opti- 
mism (see  group  figure).  When  largely  de- 
veloped, it  causes  the  middle  of  the  top  of 
the  head  to  "bulge,"  particularly  if  Mysti- 
cism be  also  largely  developed,  the  combina- 
tion usually  being  thus. 

Mysticism.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  attraction  for  the  supernatural,  the 
marvellous,    the    unknown,    the    mysterious. 


The  Religio  -Moral  Qualities        151 

When  perverted  it  leads  to  superstition,  gross 
credulity,  belief  in  witchcraft ;  faith  in  signs, 
omens,  and  warnings,  etc.  When  balanced  by 
certain  other  Qualities  it  leads  one  to  the 
higher  nights  of  religious  experience,  faith, 
and  consciousness  of  the  "light  within;"  but 
when  not  so  balanced  it  leads  one  to  credulity, 
superstition  and  religious,  occult,  and  mysti- 
cal imposture. 

"Psychic"  phenomena  are  familiar  to  those 
in  whom  it  is  largely  developed  in  connection 
with  certain  other  mental  qualities ;  clairvoy- 
ance, second-sight,  spirit-vision  and  other 
peculiar  experiences  being  common  to  these 
people.  The  prophets,  seers,  and  wonder- 
workers belong  to  this  class  of  "psychics." 
Poets  possess  this  Quality  in  many  cases. 
The  manifestations  of  this  Quality  include 
some  of  the  very  highest  and  the  very  lowest 
of ' '  spiritual ' '  experiences  and  feelings.  This 
paradox  is  explained  when  we  consider  the 
influence  of  the  other  Qualities,  high  and  low, 
operating  in  connection  with  that  of  Mysti- 
cism. In  the  garden  of  Mysticism  grow  the 
choicest  flowers  and  the  rankest  and  most 
noxious  weeds. 


152  Human  Nature 

This  Quality  is  located  immediately  in 
front  of  Optimism,  and  below  on  either  side 
of  Reverence,  on  the  front-upper  part  of  the 
head  (see  group  figure).  When  developed  it 
renders  the  front  top-head  broad  and  promi- 
nent. 

Optimism.  This  Quality  manifests  in  a 
strong  tendency  to  look  on  the  bright  side 
of  things,  to  expect  the  best,  to  anticipate  the 
best.  Spurzheim  says  of  it :  "  Hope  is  neces- 
sary to  the  happiness  of  man  in  almost  all 
situations  and  often  gives  more  satisfaction 
than  even  success.  Those  who  are  everlast- 
ingly scheming  or  building  castles  in  the  air 
have  it  large.  It  believes  possible  whatever 
the  other  faculties  desire.  It  is  not  confined 
to  this  life,  but  inspires  hopes  of  a  future 
state,  and  belief  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 
When  too  strong  it  expects  the  unreasonable 
and  impossible ;  but  when  too  weak,  with  Cau- 
tion large,  it  produces  low  spirits,  melancholy 
and  despair." 

This  Quality  when  full  produces  optimists ; 
when  weak,  pessimists;  when  medium,  the 
average  person  who  swings  between  the  two 
extremes  partaking  of  the  nature  of  each. 


The  Religio-Moral  Qualities        153 

Those  in  whom  it  is  developed  to  excess  are 
apt  to  see  success  in  everything,  and  with  a 
lively  imagination  translate  dreams  into 
realities;  of  these  persons  it  has  been  said: 
' '  show  them  an  egg,  and  the  next  minute  the 
air  is  full  of  feathers."  When  this  Quality 
is  weak  the  person  is  disposed  to  look  for  the 
worm  in  the  apple,  decay  at  the  heart  of  the 
rose,  and  for  the  skeleton  beneath  the  form 
of  beauty.  It  has  been  said  that  "the  opti- 
mist sees  nothing  but  the  body  of  the  dough- 
nut; the  pessimist,  nothing  but  the  hole." 

This  Propensity  manifests  outer  form  at 
the  middle  sides  of  the  upper  head,  in  front 
of  Conscientiousness,  back  of  Spirituality 
(see  group  figure). 

Conscientiousness.  This  Quality  mani- 
fests in  a  strong  tendency  to  act  according  to 
truth,  principle,  duty,  the  accepted  code  of 
ethics,  conception  of  right,  accepted  religious 
teachings— in  short  to  regulate  conduct  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  standard  of  "right 
and  wrong"  accepted  by  the  person.  Those 
in  whom  it  is  large  feel  keenly  their  personal 
responsibility,  duty,  and  moral  obligation. 
With  Reverence  large,  they  model  their  stand- 


154  Human  Nature 

ard  of  duty  upon  religious  standards,  while 
with  Reverence  small,  and  Sociability  large, 
they  model  their  standard  upon  social  ethics, 
the  Brotherhood  of  Man,  and  the  "social  con- 
science." In  fact  the  Quality  itself  gives  rise 
to  what  is  generally  called  the  "social  con- 
science. ' ' 

Combe  says  of  this  Propensity:  "After 
more  than  thirty  years  experience  of  the 
world  in  actual  life,  and  in  various  countries, 
I  cannot  remember  an  instance  in  which  I 
have  been  permanently  treated  unjustly  by 
one  in  whom  this  organ  and  intellect  were 
large.  Momentary  injustice,  through  irrita- 
tion or  misrepresentation ,  may  have  been 
done ;  but  after  correct  information  and  time 
to  become  cool,  I  have  found  such  persons  ever 
disposed  to  act  on  the  dictates  of  Conscience ; 
as  well  satisfied  with  justice.  ...  It 
leads  to  punctuality  in  keeping  appointments 
so  as  not  to  waste  their  time;  to  the  ready 
payment  of  debts;  will  not  send  collectors 
away  unsatisfied  except  from  inability  to  pay ; 
are  reserved  in  making  promises,  but  punctual 
in  keeping  them;  and  when  favorably  com- 
bined, are  consistent  in  conduct.     ...     Its 


The  Religio-Moral  Qualities        155 

predominance  makes  a  strict  disciplinarian 
and  a  rigid  but  just  master ;  invests  all  actions 
with  a  sense  of  duty ;  thereby  sometimes  ren- 
dering estimable  persons  disagreeable." 

In  normal  manifestation  this  Quality  ren- 
ders its  possessor  a  most  worthy  and  estim- 
able individual;  but  when  abnormally  devel- 
oped and  not  balanced  by  judgment  and  the 
reasoning  faculties,  it  produces  persecutors 
and  religious  and  ethical  tyrants,  adhering  to 
the  letter  of  the  law  rather  than  to  its  spirit. 
Conscience  is  generally  esteemed,  but  careful 
observers  deplore  the  "ingrown  conscience" 
and  "blue-law  spirit"  of  those  of  large  Con- 
scientiousness, large  Destructiveness,  and 
small  Sympathy.  Many  so-called  "reform- 
ers" belong  to  this  last  class.  This  Quality 
manifests  outer  form  on  the  side  of  the  top 
part  of  the  head,  just  below  and  on  either  side 
of  Firmness.  It  lies  between  Firmness  and 
Cautiousness,  with  Optimism  just  in  front  of 
it  and  Approbativeness  just  back  of  it  (see 
group  figure). 


CHAPTER  XVI 

FACES 

Next  to  the  shape  of  the  head,  the  facial 
expression  furnishes  us  with  the  most  marked 
indication  of  the  outer  form  accompanying 
the  inner  mental  state.  In  fact,  many  authori- 
ties hold  that  the  facial  expression  affords 
the  most  easily  read  and  most  comprehen- 
sive index  of  character,  and  that,  therefore, 
Physiognomy  possesses  many  points  of  su- 
periority over  Phrenology.  The  truth  seems 
to  be  that  Physiognomy  and  Phrenology  are 
twin-sciences,  and  that  the  true  student  of  Hu- 
man Nature  should  acquaint  himself  thor- 
oughly with  both. 

Physiognomy  is  ' '  the  science  and  art  of  dis- 
covering or  reading  the  temper  and  other 
characteristic  qualities  of  the  mind  by  the 
features  of  the  face. ' '  The  philosophy  under- 
lying the  science  of  Physiognomy  has  been 
stated  at  length  in  the  first  several  chapters 
of  this  book,  the  essence  of  which  is  that  men- 
tal states  manifest  in  outward  form.  The 
majority  of  persons  apply  the  principles  of 

156 


Faces  157 

Physiognomy  more  or  less  unconsciously  in 
judging  the  characters  of  those  with  whom 
they  come  in  contact.  Nearly  every  one  scans 
closely  the  features  of  those  whom  they  meet 
for  the  first  time,  and  form  a  general  impres- 
sion therefrom.  Children  and  domestic  ani- 
mals possess  an  instinctive  knowledge  of 
facial  expression  and  can  often  tell  very  accu- 
rately the  general  disposition  toward  them 
possessed  by  various  persons.  Certain  per- 
sons are  generally  considered  to  "look  stu- 
pid,'r  while  others  have  "a  bright,  intelligent 
expression";  some  look  "tricky,"  while 
others  "look  honest"  and  trustworthy. 

Professor  Nelson  Sizer  says :  "Though  all 
human  beings  have  the  general  human  form 
and  features— though  all  have  eyes,  nose, 
mouth,  chin,  etc.,  yet  each  one  has  a  different 
face  and  look  from  every  other.  And,  more, 
yet,  the  same  person  has  a  very  different  fa- 
cial look  at  different  times,  according  as  he 
is  angry  or  friendly,  etc.  And  always  the 
same  look  when  in  the  same  mood.  Of  course, 
then,  something  causes  this  expression— es- 
pecially, since  all  who  are  angry,  friendly,  etc., 
have  one  general  or  similar  expression;  that 


158  Human  Nature 

is,  one  look  expresses  anger,  another  affec- 
tion, another  devotion,  another  kindness,  etc. 
And  since  nature  always  works  by  means,  she 
must  needs  have  her  physiognomical  tools. 
Nor  are  they  under  the  control  of  the  will, 
for  they  act  spontaneously.  "We  cannot  help, 
whether  we  will  or  no,  laughing  when  merry, 
even  though  in  church,  pouting  when  pro- 
voked, and  expressing  all  our  mental  opera- 
tions, down  even  to  the  very  innermost  re- 
cesses of  our  souls,  in  and  by  our  countenan- 
ces. And  with  more  minuteness  and  com- 
pleteness than  by  words,  especially  when  the 
expressions  are  intense  or  peculiar." 

Professor  Drayton  says.  "  Every  thing, 
from  head  to  feet,  of  form,  size,  and  action, 
indicates  in  some  degree,  the  character  of  the 
individual,  or  state  of  mind,  and  feeling  in 
exercise  for  the  time  being.  The  arching  or 
depressing  of  the  eyebrows,  the  full  opening 
or  partial  closing  of  the  eye,  the  pursing  or 
pouting  of  the  lips,  the  firm  set  jaw,  the  ele- 
vated head,  the  lofty  shoulders,  the  stiff  at- 
titude, the  dignified  and  stately  step,  or  the 
reverse  of  this,  will  impress  each  observer  in 
respect  to  the  changing  moods  which  may 


Faces  159 

exist  in  a  given  individual.  .  .  .  Each  of 
the  mental  organs  has  its  natural  language, 
as  shown  in  pantomine,  which  is  exhibited  by 
the  gestures  and  motions  of  the  head,  hands 
and  body.  Children  and  animals  read  the 
feelings  of  their  parents  or  masters  by  their 
motions  and  attitudes,  which  are  often  more 
influential  than  words.  The  brain  is  the  cen- 
tral source  of  motive  and  mental  power; 
every  action  has  its  root  or  seat  of  impulse 
in  the  brain  and  its  connections,  and  as  the 
mind  forms  purposes,  the  will  is  sent  out 
tc  the  extremities,  and  the  external  motions 
express  the  inward  thought  and  feeling. 
Habitual  states  of  mind  tend  to  produce  hab- 
itual forms  and  expressions  of  face  and  body; 
a  person  who  suffers  pain  for  years,  will  have 
in  the  face  an  expression  of  the  internal  state ; 
one  who  has  been  nurtured  in  gladness, 
though  the  face  may  not  be  beautiful,  will 
wear  the  sunshine  of  joy;  one  who  has  had 
care  and  responsibility,  will  come  to  show  it 
in  the  face,  in  the  walk,  and  in  the  voice,  as 
one  who  has  been  subjugated  and  kept  subor- 
dinate will  have  the  word  humiliation  written 


160 


Human  Nature 


in  his  features  not  only,  but  in  all  his  move- 
ments and  attitudes." 


SHAPES  OF  FACES 


The  authorities  in  Physiognomy  divide  the 
faces  of  persons  into  three  general  classes, 
viz:  (1)  The  Bound  Face;  (2)  The  Oblong 
Face;  and  (3)  The  Pear-shaped  Face. 


Fig.  12 
round  face 

In  Fig.  12,  we  see  the  Round  Face.  This 
face  is  indicative  of  the  Vital  Temperament. 
It  is  usually  associated  with  broad  shoulders, 
short  neck,  full  chest,  and  plumpness,  with 
enlarged  abdomen  in  middle  life.    These  peo- 


Faces 


161 


pie  love  ease  and  physical  comforts,  good  eat- 
ing and  drinking,  and  not  too  much  hard  men- 
tal or  physical  work.  They  are  solicitous  of 
the  comfort  of  their  bodies,  and  generally 
"look  out  for  No.  1"  in  this  respect.  They 
are  generally  good-natured  and  sociable,  and 
often  jolly. 


Fig.  13 
oblong  face 


In  Fig.  13,  we  see  the  Oblong  Face.  This 
face  is  indicative  of  the  Motive  Temperament. 
It  is  usually  associated  with  a  compact  firm 


162 


Human  Nature 


body,  which  while  well  filled  out  can  scarcely 
be  called  plump,  certainly  not  fleshy.  These 
people  are  generally  strong  and  active,  per- 
severing and  sparing  neither  themselves  or 


Fia.  14 

PEAK-SHAPED   FACE 


others  in  the  direction  of  work.  They  are  apt 
to  have  a  very  fair  share  of  common  sense; 
are  practical;  and  are  generally  reliable. 

In  Fig.  14,  we  see  the  Pear-shaped  Face. 
This  face  is  indicative  of  the  Mental  Tern- 


Faces  163 

perament.  It  is  usually  associated  with  a 
delicately  formed  body,  and  finely  propor- 
tioned physical  shape;  the  shoulders  often 
being  narrow,  and  the  neck  long.  These  peo- 
ple manifest  the  characteristics  of  mental 
and  nervous  force,  rather  than  of  vital  or  mo- 
tive energy.  They  often  have  bright,  expres- 
sive eyes,  and  show  other  signs  of  the  artistic 
or  literary  character.  They  are  inclined  to 
be  sensitive  and  impressionable,  and  to  suffer 
and  enjoy  keenly. 

In  addition  to  the  aforementioned  general 
types,  there  are  several  others  which  are 
modifications  thereof,  and  which  we  shall  now 
consider. 

In  Fig.  15,  we  see  the  Square  Face.  This 
face  indicates  a  combination  of  the  Motive 
and  Vital  Temperaments,  with  the  Religio- 
Moral  Qualities  deficient  and  the  Selfish- 
Qualities  predominant.  These  people  usually 
have  square,  stocky  bodies,  strong  and  wiry, 
and  are  tenacious  of  life.  They  are  Material- 
istic to  a  degree,  and  cannot  understand 
others  who  differ  temperamentally  from 
them.  Usually,  they  have  Combativeness  and 
Destructiveness    large;    strong    Perceptive 


164 


Human  Nature 


Qualities;  and  but  moderate  Conscientious- 
ness. They  look  out  for  themselves,  pushing 
others  aside,  and  not  being  disturbed  by  "the 
higher  feelings."     They  are  generally  stub- 


Fig.  15 
square  face 


born ;  and  their  weak  point  is  apt  to  be  Ama- 
tiveness. 

In  Fig.  16,  we  see  the  Egg-shaped  Face. 
This  face  indicates  the  Mental  Temperament 
with  the  Psychic  Qualities  largely  in  the  as- 
cendent. The  Selfish  Qualities  are  weak, 
while  the  Qualities  of  Mysticism,  Keverence 


Faces  165 

and  Ideality  are  large.  These  people  are  gen- 
erally known  as  "spiritual,"  and  are  often 
very  ' 'psychic. ' '    They  are  generally  imprac- 


Fig.  16 
egg-shaped  face 


tical  and  dwell  in  an  ideal  world  apart  from 
the  things  of  earth. 

In  Fig.  17,  we  see  the  Inverted-Egg-shaped 
Face.  This  face  indicates  the  extreme  form 
of  the  Vital  Temperament,  associated  with 
an  absence  of  the  active  qualities  which 
should  accompany  it.    The  Mental  and  Motive 


166  Human  Nature 

Qualities  are  quite  deficient,  while  the  purely 
Animal  Qualities  are  strong.  The  result  is 
a  pig-like  nature,  content  with  wallowing  in 
the  mud  of  the  animal  propensities  and  hav- 


Fig.  17 
inverted  egg-shaped  face 


ing  a  full  swill-barrel.  These  people  are  es- 
sentially lazy,  gross,  worthless,  and  animal- 
like. Note  the  large  lower-face  (without  the 
strong  jaw),  and  the  small  upper  head.  Note 
the  broad  nose,  and  general  lazy  expression. 
In  Figs.  18  and  19,  respectively,  we  see 


Faces 


167 


the  contrast  between  Broad  and  Narrow 
Faces.  The  rule  is  that  Broad  Faces  indicate 
fight,  destructiveness,  and  acquisitiveness— 
the  Selfish  Faculties,  in  fact;  while  Narrow 


Fig.  18 
broad  face 


Faces  indicate  a  lack  of  these  qualities.  The 
broad-headed  animals  are  the  fighters,  while 
the  narrow-heads  are  the  timid  and  peaceful, 
as  a  rule.  The  same  principle  applies  in  the 
case  of  men.  Look  over  the  charts  of  the 
Qualities,  and  see  why  this  is. 
The    above    mentioned    several    types    or 


168 


Human  Nature 


classes  of  faces  have,  of  course,  innumerable 
variations  and  combinations,  but  a  careful 
study  of  these  several  types  will  give  one  the 
general  key  to  all  faces.    It  is  well  to  obtain  a 


Fig.  19 
nabbow  face 


side  view,  as  well  as  a  full-face  view,  of  the 
face  one  wishes  to  study. 

In  studying  faces,  not  only  the  general 
shape  of  the  face  must  be  observed,  but  also 
the  various  features  thereof,  as  for  instance : 
the  chin ;  the  mouth ;  the  nose ;  the  eyes ;  the 
ears ;  etc.  These  features  form  the  subject  of 
the  following  chapters. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

CHINS    AND    MOUTHS 

Physiognomists  regard  the  chin  as  an  im- 
portant feature  to  be  considered  in  the  study 
of  faces  as  the  outer  form  of  character.  The 
following  are  the  principal  points  of  the 
"reading"  of  chins. 

In  Fig.  20  we  see  the  first  point  to  be  ob- 
served in  the  study  of  chins.  The  rule  is  to 
draw  an  imaginary  perpendicular  line  from 
the  point  at  the  root  of  the  nose,  between  the 
two  eyebrows.  In  the  normal  and  average 
type,  the  line  touches  the  upper  lip  and  chin. 
But  we  find  the  normal  condition  in  but  com- 
paratively few  cases,  the  majority  manifest- 
ing a  variation  backward  or  forward.  When 
the  chin  is  found  to  recede  from  the  line,  it  is 
interpreted  as  an  indication  of  weakness,  lack 
of  stability  and  firmness,  and  a  general  vacil- 
lating and  unstable  character.  When  the  chin 
projects  beyond  the  line,  it  is  interpreted  as 
indicating  firmness,  stubborness,  and  a  gener- 
ally selfish  nature,  which  is  considered 
"strong"  by  contrast  with  the  "weak"  reced- 

169 


170 


Human  Nature 


ing  chin.  When  the  projecting  chin  is 
pointed,  it  indicates  that  the  strength  is  mani- 
fested as  grasping,  miserliness,  etc. ;  while  if 
it  is  square,  it  indicates  Combativeness  and 


Fig.  20 
chin  study 


Destructiveness  as  well  as  Acquisitiveness; 
and  if  it  is  very  broad  and  square,  it  indicates 
the  domineering,  "bossy,"  tyrannical,  self- 
willed  character. 


Chins  and  Mouths  171 

The  above  points  regarding  the  chin  must 
always  be  taken  into  consideration.  The  fol- 
lowing points  are  based  on  the  shape  of  the 
ebm  when  in  normal  position,  that  is  when 
the  perpendicular  line  descends  in  a  straight 
line  from)  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the  chin : 

The  narroio-round  chin  indicates  idealistic 
feeling  not  manifesting  in  decided  action. 
These  people  have  high  desires,  longings,  and 
aspiration,  but  lack  the  will  to  act  upon  the 
same. 

The  narrow -square  chin  indicates  the  ideal- 
istic nature,  accompanied  by  the  will  to  act 
upon  the  same. 

The  broad-round  chin  indicates  substantial 
feeling,  without  the  will  to  manifest  it  in  de- 
cided action.  These  people  desire  ordinary, 
plain,  practical  things,  but  lack  the  initiative, 
will  and  nerve  to  overcome  obstacles  to  ac- 
quire them. 

The  broad-square  chin  indicates  that  the 
feelings  are  plain,  practical  and  substantial, 
with  the  tvill  to  bach  them  up. 

From  the  above,  it  will  be  seen  that  round- 
ness indicates  feeling;  and  that  squareness 
denotes  will;  that  narrowness  denotes  ideal- 


172  Human  Nature 

ity;  while  broadness  denotes  practical,  sub- 
stantial, plain  desires  and  tastes. 

The  dimpled  or  indented  chin  indicates  the 
warm  artistic  temperament  with  its  accom- 
panying desire  for  love  of  the  opposite  sex, 
desire  for  affection,  and  alas!  too  often  a 
fickleness  and  lack  of  loyalty  and  fidelity  in 
love  affairs. 

JAWS 

A  broad,  firm  jaw  indicates  strong  Com- 
bativeness,  Destructiveness  and  Firmness. 

A  narrow,  loose  jaw  indicates  the  reverse 
of  the  qualities  above  noted. 

A  loose,  drooping  jaw  and  open  mouth  in- 
dicates timidity,  weakness,  shyness,  or  des- 
pondency. 

The  fighters  in  all  walks  of  life  manifest  the 
strong,  firm  jaw.  It  is  the  survival  of  the 
primitive  "bite"  in  the  animal  or  cave-man. 

MOUTHS 

The  Orientals  have  a  proverb  which  runs 
as  follows :  "By  a  man's  eyes,  know  what  he 
might  have  been,  or  may  be;  by  his  mouth, 
knew  what  he  has  been,  and  is."  The  study 
of  the  mouth  is  one  of  the  greatest  interest', 


Chins  and  Mouths  173 

and  one  which  will  richly  repay  one  for  his 
time  and  thought.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
there  is  a  great  difference  between  the  mouth 
and  lips  of  an  individual  in  childhood,  in 
youth,  and  in  middle-age,  which  fact  shows 
the  truth  of  the  Oriental  proverb  just  quoted. 
The  mouth  indeed  shows  what  a  man  has  been 
and  is. 

Small  mouths  generally  denote  undevel- 
oped, childish,  or  babyish  character,  neither 
good  nor  bad. 

Large  mouths  denote  matured  character, 
good  or  bad.  When  firm,  they  denote  force 
and  energy.  "When  half-open,  they  denote 
dullness  and  heaviness.  When  showing  full 
protruding  lips,  they  denote  sensuality  and 
selfish  passions  and  tastes.  When  very  large 
and  flexible,  they  denote  the  " windy"  person 
who  is  fond  of  talking  and  hearing  the  sound 
of  his  own  voice— when  one  says  that  another 
is  "big-mouthed"  he  states  a  truth  which 
physiognomy  bears  out. 

An  upward  curve  of  the  corners  of  the 
mouth,  denotes  a  cheerful,  optimistic  disposi- 
tion and  mental  attitude.  Likewise,  a  down- 
ward curve  denotes  a  despondent,  pessimistic 


174  Human  Nature 

disposition  and  mental  attitude.  A  graceful 
bow-like  curve,  shows  a  well-balanced  and 
"all  around"  disposition. 

Tightly  closed  lips  indicate  a  firmness,  and 
often  a  " closeness"  of  disposition.  Loosely 
closed  lips  indicate  a  lack  of  firmness,  and 
often  a  spendthrift  tendency.  Lips  that  touch 
lightly  and  protrude  slightly  in  a  "kiss-like" 
shape,  indicate  vanity,  love  of  praise  and 
flattery,  and  often  a  desire  to  be  petted. 

Puffed-out  lips  indicate  sloth,  dullness, 
lack  of  energy  and  ambition,  general  heavi- 
ness. Coarse  lips  indicate  lack  of  refinement, 
and  often  grossness.  Particularly  full  lips 
indicate  Amativeness  and  sometimes  Sensu- 
ality. 

Slanting  mouths  indicate  trickiness,  "foxi- 
ness"  and  general  unreliability.  Crooked 
mouths,  or  mouths  greatly  out  of  symmetry, 
are  held  by  many  authorities  to  indicate  lack 
of  Conscientiousness,  and  often  criminal  tend- 
encies. 

Full,  red,  middle-lips  indicate  love  of  the 
opposite  sex.  Thin,  pale  middle-lips  denote 
the  opposite  traits. 

A  long  upper-lip  indicates  Self-Esteem.    A 


Chins  and  Mouths  175 

short  tipper-lip  denotes  deficient  Self-Esteem, 
but  often  also  a  strong  Approbativeness. 
(John  D.  Rockefeller  has  an  almost  abnor- 
mally long  upper  lip.) 

The  affectionate  faculties  are  believed  to 
manifest  in  outer  form  in  the  center  of  the 
lips,  because  of  certain  nerve  centers  at  that 
place.  A  fullness  and  enlargement  there  de- 
notes strong  affection,  while  deficiency  in  the 
affectionate  qualities  manifest  in  the  opposite 
direction. 

Will  and  self-control  is  shown  by  the  rela- 
tive firmness  and ' '  set ' '  of  the  lips  and  mouth. 

Besides  the  above  mentioned  characteris- 
tics, the  student  will  soon  perceive  that  there 
are  certain  " expressions"  of  the  lips  and 
mouth  which,  although  impossible  of  expres- 
sion in  words,  nevertheless  may  be  almost 
instinctively  recognized  by  the  careful  ob- 
server. Lips,  like  eyes,  tell  their  story  plainly 
to  the  careful  and  practiced  observer.  It  is 
a  safe  rule  to  avoid  those  whose  mouths 
arouse  an  instinctive  distrust  in  your  mind. 
Watch  closely  the  mouths  of  people  speaking 
to  you,  and  you  will  receive  many  a  plain  sig- 
nal of  danger,   and  many  an  assurance  of 


176  Human  Nature 

safety.  The  eyes,  while  full  of  information, 
often  deceive  those  not  fully  versed  in  their 
secret  code — but  the  mouth  tells  its  tale  in 
plain,  simple,  understandable  terms,  signs  and 
symbols. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

EYES,   EAES   AND    NOSES 

It  has  been  said  that ' '  the  eyes  are  the  win- 
dows of  the  soul,"  and  indeed  they  do  express 
a  something  that  is  not  possible  to  any  other 
part  of  the  face  or  body.  When  unrestrained 
the  eye  correctly  portrays  the  innermost  feel- 
ings and  emotions  affecting  and  influencing 
us,  and  in  many  cases  we  are  able  to  get  a 
clear  and  unobstructed  view  of  the  soul  be- 
hind the  eyes  by  gazing  into  them.  But,  alas ! 
it  is  possible  to  mask  the  expression  of  the 
eyes,  and  to  counterfeit  emotions  and  feelings 
which  do  not  exist  within  the  mind.  Men  and 
women  trained  in  the  arts  of  dissimulation 
and  concealment,  may,  and  do,  conceal  their 
thoughts  and  feelings  which  ordinarily  would 
be  reflected  in  their  eyes ;  and  many,  especially 
women,  are  able  to  counterfeit  feelings  which 
have  no  real  existence  in  their  minds  or  souls. 
We  have  seen  women  bestowing  upon  the  un- 
suspecting "mere  man,"  the  most  artless,  in- 
genuous "baby  stare,"  while  at  the  same  time 
their  minds  were  filled  with  craft  and  cun- 

177 


178  Human  Nature 

ning.  We  have  seen  others  whose  eyes  por- 
trayed the  most  absolute  innocence  and  truth, 
while  their  hearts  were  filled  with  selfish,  base 
feelings,  and  their  minds  with  cunning 
schemes.  The  trained  diplomat  and  skilled 
gambler  successfully  mask  their  thoughts,  and 
their  eyes  reflect  nothing  of  their  secrets ;  and, 
upon  occasion,  they  are  able  to  throw  into 
their  eyes  any  desired  expression.  The  best 
authorities  on  Physiognomy  hold  that  the 
mouth  is  a  much  more  reliable  index  of 
thought  and  character  than  the  eye— for  the 
eye  may  lie,  while  the  mouth  betrays  itself 
even  when  attempting  the  counterfeit. 

But,  nevertheless,  the  eyes  do  betray  char- 
acter, not  by  their  expression  but  by  their 
shape  and  form.  Habitual  mental  states  re- 
flect in  the  outer  form  of  the  eyes,  in  spite  of 
the  care  of  their  owners  not  to  let  them  tell 
the  secret  of  the  thought  and  feeling  of  the 
moment.  The  story  is  told  not  by  the  expres- 
sion of  the  eye,  but  by  the  muscles  surround- 
ing the  eyes,  the  eye-lids,  etc.  In  fact,  the 
eye-lids  supply  the  greater  part  of  that  which 
we  call  the  "-expression  of  the  eye,"  their  con- 
tractions and  relaxations  producing  the  effect. 


Eyes,  Ears  and  Noses  179 

Secretiveness,  cunning,  and  closeness  are 
denoted  by  closely  drawn  eye-lids,  a  furtive 
look  often  being  imparted  thereby .  This  posi- 
tion of  the  eye-lids  has  been  likened  to  an 
instinctive  inclination  to  draw  the  eye-lids 
together  to  hide  the  expression  of  the  eye,  but 
it  probably  arises  from  the  original  trait  of 
the  animal  to  protect  his  eyes  from  attack 
when  engaging  in  a  fight,  or  raid.  As  an  in- 
stance of  this,  it  will  be  found  that  a  feeling 
of  cruelty,  or  desire  to  hurt  another,  will  mani- 
fest in  a  compression  of  the  eye-lids,  and  a 
tightening  of  the  upper  eyelid  which  assumes 
a  straight  form.  Frankness,  truthfulness 
and  honesty  are,  in  the  same  way,  indicated  by 
open,  free  looking  eyes.  This  expression  may 
be  counterfeited  upon  occasions,  but  the  coun- 
terfeit may  be  detected  by  observing  the  eyes 
when  the  owner  is  off  guard. 

The  fighting,  destructive,  motive  feelings 
are  indicated  by  straight  lines  of  the  lids. 
Affection,  benevolence,  sympathy,  and  love, 
manifest  in  curving,  drooping,  full  eye-lids, 
the  absence  of  straight  lines  being  marked. 
Amativeness  and  Alimentiveness  show  in  very 
thick  eye-lids,  giving  a  sensual  gross  expres- 


180  Human  Nature 

sion  to  the  eyes.  Destructiveness  manifests 
in  a  tightening  of  the  upper  lid,  and  a  bearing 
down  upon  the  eyeball.  Approbativeness 
gives  a  peculiar  "coquettish"  relaxation  of 
the  upper  eye-lid,  which  is  suggestive  of  the 
desire  to  wink  in  a  meaning  manner.  Humor 
gives  a  peculiar  contraction  to  the  eye-lids, 
and  at  the  same  time  producing  the  little  lines 
radiating  from  each  outer  corner  of  the  eye- 
lids—the "laughing  wrinkles."  Ideality,  Op- 
timism, and  Mysticism  impart  an  open  ex- 
pression to  the  eyes.  Cautiousness,  when 
large,  also  gives  to  the  eyes  an  open,  almost 
startled,  surprised  expression. 

Large,  protruding  eyes  are  held  to  be  in- 
dicative of  wordiness,  talkativeness,  and  lack 
of  careful  thought— the  desire  to  talk  for  the 
pleasure  of  hearing  oneself  talk. 

In  connection  with  the  subject  of  the  outer 
form  manifesting  in  the  eyes,  we  would  call 
your  attention  to  the  quotation  from  Prof. 
0.  S.  Fowler,  appearing  in  Lesson  XIII,  in 
which  he  speaks  of  certain  of  the  Perceptive 
Qualities  which  indicate  in  outer  form  in  the 
region  of  the  eye,  as  follows:  "The  shape  of 
the  eyebrows  reveals  the  size,  absolute  and 


Eyes,  Ears  and  Noses  181 

relative,  of  each,  thus:  When  all  are  large, 
the  eyebrow  is  long  and  arching;  when  all  are 
deficient,  it  is  long  and  straight;  when  some 
are  large  and  others  small,  it  arches  over  the 
large  ones,  but  passes  horizontally  over  those 
which  are  small.  This  rule  is  infallible."  In 
connection  therewith,  we  suggest  that  the 
student  re-read  carefully  Chapter  XIII,  which 
deals  with  the  Perceptive  Qualities  which 
manifest  outer  form  in  the  region  of  the  eye. 

EARS 

Many  physiognomists  pass  lightly  over  the 
subject  of  the  ears  as  an  index  of  character, 
while  others  seem  to  specialize  on  this  feature. 

The  round  ear  is  held  to  indicate  the  Vital 
Temperament.  The  oblong  ear,  the  Motive 
Temperament;  and  the  pear-shaped  ear  the 
Mental  Temperament. 

Quality  is  held  to  be  indicated  by  the  rela- 
tive delicateness  in  the  moulding  of  the  ear, 
a  coarse,  misshapen  ear  being  held  to  indicate 
an  uncultivated  nature;  while  a  delicately 
moulded,  shapely  ear  is  held  to  indicate  cul- 
ture and  refinement. 

A  long,  narrow  ear  is  held  to  indicate  an 


182 


Human  Nature 


ambitious,  striving  nature.  An  ear  pointed 
at  the  tip  (upper  part)  is  held  to  be  indicative 
of  selfishness  and  general ' '  f  oxiness. ' ' 


NOSES 


All  physiognomists  agree  upon  the  import- 
ance of  the  nose  as  an  index  of  character.  The 


Fig.  21 
a,  roman  ;  b,  grecian  ;  c,  cherubic 

majority  of  people  recognize  the  sign  of  a 
large,  strong  nose,  on  the  one  hand,  and  a 
small,  weak  nose  on  the  other. 

In  Fig.  21  we  see  the  three  general  forms 
of  the  nose,  the  Roman;  Grecian  and  Cher- 
ubic; respectively.    The  Roman  nose  is  held 


Eyes,  Ears  and  Noses 


183 


to  be  indicative  of  Self-Esteem,  Combative- 
ness,  Destructiveness  and  Acquisitiveness. 
The  Grecian  nose  is  held  to  be  indicative  of 
Ideality,  Conscientiousness,  Reverence  and 
other ' '  higher  qualities. ' '  The  Cherubic  nose 
is  held  to  be  indicative  of  feminine  qualities, 
social  attractiveness,  and  emotional  qualities. 


Fig.  22 
theee  temperaments 

There  are  of  course  innumerable  modifica- 
tions and  combinations  of  these  three  general 
classes. 

In  Fig.  22  we  see  the  classification  adopted 
by  some  authorities,  who  divide  the  nose  into 
three  general  parts,  each  of  which  is  held  to 
indicate  one  of  the  three  Temperaments,  and 
the  Qualities  which  are  related  to  each.    Thus 


184  Human  Nature 

the  hard  bony  part,  including  the  bridge,  in- 
dicates the  Motive ;  the  tip  and  end,  the  Men- 
tal ;  and  the  " wings"  on  each  side  of  the  nos- 
trils, the  Vital.  There  is  much  truth  in  this 
classification,  and  a  careful  study  of  this  il- 
lustration will  aid  the  student  in  his  under- 
standing of  noses  as  an  outer  sign  of  charac- 
ter. In  fact,  this  illustration  may  be  used  as 
a  basis  for  the  whole  subject  of  the  meaning 
of  noses  as  outer  signs  of  character. 

Large  nostrils  indicate  strong  Vitativeness 
and  physical  well-being,  and  often  strong 
Emotive  Qualities.  Narrow,  small,  or  tight 
nostrils  indicate  weak  Vitativeness  and  Vital 
Force  An  authority  says:  "If  the  nostrils 
are  wide-apart,  the  man  is  merciful.  If  the 
nostrils  are  wide-open,  like  those  of  a  bull, 
resemblances  to  that  animal  prevail  in  violent 
wrath  and  hard  breathing." 

The  tip  of  the  nose  indicates  the  several 
mental  qualities.  The  sharp  pointed  tip  indi- 
cates an  inquisitive,  prying,  investigating  na- 
ture— a  general  "sharpness"  so  to  speak.  A 
blunt  tip  indicates  a  lack  of  "sharpness"  and 
inquisitiveness.  The  upturned  tip,  or  ' '  pug, ' ' 
indicates  a  trifling,  superficial,  gossiping  ten- 


Eyes,  Ears  and  Noses  185 

dency.  As  a  general  rule  the  sharp  tip  indi- 
cates thought,  while  the  rounded  trip  indicates 
feeling. 

The  bony  part  of  the  nose,  when  prominent, 
indicates  the  strength  of  the  Motive  Qualities, 
such  as  Combativeness,  Destructiveness,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Constructiveness,  etc.  It  gen- 
erally accompanies  the  people  who  push  for- 
ward and  "do  things"  in  spite  of  obstacles- 
it  is  the  nose  of  the  great  generals,  and  the 
majority  of  great  financiers. 


CHAPTER  XIX 

MISCELLANEOUS  SIGNS 

While  the  subject  of  hands  may  be  thought 
to  belong  to  the  study  of  Palmistry,  with 
which  we  have  no  concern  in  this  book,  never- 
theless we  think  that  we  should  include  here- 
in a  brief  reference  to  the  several  classes  of 
the  hand  as  indicative  of  the  outer  form  of 
mental  states.  That  the  shape  of  the  hand 
often  reveals  information  regarding  the  char- 
acter of  its  owner  is  admitted  by  the  best  au-. 
thorities  on  the  subject.  Many  persons  who 
discard  the  theories  of  Palmistry  still  re- 
gard the  subject  of  the  shape  and  meaning  of 
hands  as  apart  from  that  study,  and  believe 
that  an  understanding  of  the  indications  of 
the  several  classes  of  hands  is  important  to 
the  students  of  Human  Nature. 

There  are  seven  general  types  of  hands,  viz : 
(1)  The  Spatulate;  (2)  the  Square;  (3)  the 
Artistic;  (4)  the  Elementary;  (5)  the  Mixed; 
(6)  the  Philosophic;  and  (7)  the  Psychic. 
Following  we  give  a  brief  recital  of  the  quali- 
ties held  to  be  indicated  by  each. 

186 


Miscellaneous  Signs 


187 


In  Fig.  23,  we  see  the  Spatulate  Hand, 
the  special  peculiarities  of  which  are  the 
straight,  smooth  fingers  and  the  "splay" 
tips.    This  type  of  hand  is  held  to  indicate  an 


Fia.  23 

SPATULATE  HAND 

active,  energetic  nature,  that  is  satisfied  only 
when  it  is  employed  and  doing  something  use- 
ful. This  hand# is  eminently  ' '  practical, ' '  and 
its  owner  cares  very  little  for  art,  poetry,  or 
literature. 


188 


Human  Nature 


In  Fig.  24,  we  see  the  Square  Hand, 
the  special  peculiarities  of  which  are 
its  general  "squareness"  of  the  palm,  and 
generally  of  the  finger-tips.     This  also  is  a 


Fig.  24 
square  hand 

useful  hand,  and  its  owner  is  amenable  to  au- 
thority, and  makes  a  good  employee  or  helper. 
It  indicates  a  quiet,  peaceable  disposition,  and 
its  owner  is  usually  found  to  be  careful,  or- 
derly, and  dependable— the  sense  of  order  be- 
ing especially  strong. 


Miscellaneous  Signs 


189 


In  Fig.  25,  we  see  the  Artistic  Hand, 
the  special  peculiarities  of  which  are 
the  suppleness  and  softness  of  the  hand;  its 
symmetrical  form;  and  its  long,  tapering- 
fingers.    Its  owners  are  of  the  poetic  and  ar- 


Fig.  25 
artistic  hand 


tistic  nature,  with  a  taste  for  beautiful  and  re- 
fined things,  artistic  environment,  bright  and 
witty  speech,  and  "choice"  things  generally. 
The  Qualities  of  Ideality  and  Words  are  apt 


190 


Human  Nature 


to  be  well  developed  in  these  cases,  and  l '  the 
artistic  temperament ' '  is  found  in  its  full  de- 
velopment here. 

In  Fig.  26,  we  see  the  Elementary  Hand, 


Fig.  26 
elementary  hand 


the  special  peculiarities  of  which  are  its  short, 
thick  fingers,  and  its  thick  heavy  palm.  Its 
owners  are  "of  the  earth,  earthy,"  and  have 
but  very  little  imagination  and  fine  taste. 


Miscellaneous  Signs 


191 


In  Fig.  27,  we  have  the  Philosophic 
Hand,  the  special  peculiarities  of  which 
are  its  large  thumb,  rounded  finger-tips,  and 


Fro.  27 

PHILOSOPHIC  HAND 


its  projecting  joints.  Its  owners  are  thinkers, 
investigators,  and  reasoners  along  practical 
lines,  and  are  generally  skeptical  and  inclined 
to  demand  proof  of  anything  and  everything. 


192 


Human  Nature 


In  Fig.  28,  we  see  the  Psychic  Hand, 
the  special  peculiarities  of  which  are  the 
extreme    slenderness    of    the    entire    hand, 


Fig.  28 
psychic  hand 


and  the  long  thin,  pointed  fingers.  Its  own- 
ers have  Mysticism  highly  developed,  and  in- 
cline toward  the  mysterious,  supernatural  oc- 


Miscellaneous  Signs  193 

cult,  and  imaginative,  and  are  generally  of  an 
extremely  nervous,  sensitive  nature. 

Very  few  hands  adhere  strictly  to  any  one 
of  these  several  types,  but  are  more  or  less 
composite  or  "mixed."  In  such  cases  the 
characteristics  of  each  type  mingle  and  blend, 
and  must  be  interpreted  accordingly.  The 
following  peculiarities  are  also  noted  by  the 
authorities : 

The  Thumb.  The  thumb  is  divided  into 
three  parts,  each  indicating  a  certain  quality, 
as  follows:  (1)  the  top  part  or  division, 
which  indicates  Will;  (2)  the  second  or  mid- 
dle part,  which  indicates  Logic;  (3)  the 
"ball"  or  fat  lower  portion,  which  indicates 
Passion.  The  comparative  size  of  either  of 
these  parts  indicates  the  strength  of  its  par- 
ticular qualities. 

The  Fingees.  Hard  fingers  indicate  work, 
activity,  and  energy.  Soft  fingers  indicate 
love  of  ease,  disinclination  for  work,  laziness. 
Very  hard  hands  denote  heaviness  and  gen- 
eral stupidity,  also  gross  tastes  and  undevel- 
oped nature.  Smooth  fingers  denote  artistic 
tastes,  etc. ;  while  knotted  fingers  denote  phil- 
osophic thought  and  argument,   orderliness 


194  Human  Nature 

and  taste  for  material  facts  and  things. 
Short  fingers  denote  quick  judgment  and  im- 
patience of  detail;  while  long  fingers  denote 
a  love  of  detail,  elaboration  and  "fussiness." 
Spatulate  fingers  indicate  tidiness,  useful- 
ness, and  a  desire  to  be  doing  useful  work. 

The  Palm.  Hardness  of  the  palm,  as  of 
the  fingers,  denotes  activity,  energy  and 
work ;  while  softness  denotes  love  of  ease,  laz- 
iness, etc.  Wideness  of  the  palm  denotes 
generosity,  broad-mindedness,  etc.;  while  a 
narrow  palm  denotes  the  reverse.  Firm 
palms  generally  denote  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment ;  while  soft,  flabby  palms  denote  the  Vi- 
tal temperament. 

THE    WALK 

The  study  of  the  Walk  as  an  index  of  char- 
acter is  favored  by  many  authorities.  There 
are  three  general  types  of  walks,  viz  (1)  the 
long  stride,  in  regular  time;  (2)  the  short, 
quick,  and  somewhat  jerky  step;  (3)  the 
short  but  regular  step. 

Those  who  walk  with  a  long  stride  gener- 
ally take  a  broad  view  of  things,  but  if  their 
walk  is  also  slow  they  are  apt  to  lack  energy 


Miscellaneous  Signs  195 

and  push.  The  short,  quick  step  denotes  ac- 
tivity, but  small  ideas  and  often  pettiness. 
The  combination  of  the  long  stride  and  the 
quick  movement  is  held  to  indicate  both  large 
ideas  and  activity.  A  draggy,  shuffling  walk 
is  held  to  indicate  a  careless,  shiftless  nature ; 
and  a  springy  movement  is  indicative  of  men- 
tal activity.  A  mincing  walk  is  held  to  denote 
"finickiness,"  affectation,  and  general  arti- 
ficiality ;  while  a  careless  walk  denotes  a  dis- 
regard for  appearances  and  a  general  uncon- 
ventional nature.  Those  who  walk  in  a 
straight  line,  direct  to  the  object  they  seek, 
are  apt  to  move  in  the  same  way  in  other  af- 
fairs of  life;  while  those  who  zig-zag  from 
side  to  side  display  the  same  lack  of  direct- 
ness in  business  affairs  and  other  activities 
of  life.  In  the  same  way,  one  who  makes 
short-cuts  across  corners,  etc.,  is  held  to  have 
the  same  tendency  in  active  affairs. 

Approbativeness  shows  itself  in  a  strut- 
ting walk ;  while  Self-Esteem  manifests  in  a 
dignified  carriage.  Deficient,  Self-Esteem 
shows  itself  in  a  cringing  walk ;  while  strong 
Eeverence  produces  a  respectful,  deferential 
carriage.     Approbativeness   causes  a   slight 


196  Human  Nature 

swagger,  with  a  defiant  carriage  of  the  head, 
while  Combativeness  manifests  in  a  "get  out 
of  my  way"  pushing  walk,  the  head  being 
slightly  lowered  as  if  to  "butt"  a  way 
through.  Cunning  manifests  in  a  foxy,  sly 
walk;  while  Cautiousness  shows  in  a  timid, 
hesitating  step ;  and  Acquisitiveness  in  a  gen- 
eral carefulness  and  watchfulness  as  mani- 
fested in  gait.  A  combination  of  Cunning, 
Cautiousness  and  Acquisitiveness,  which  is 
quite  common,  manifests  in  a  light,  stealthy 
step,  giving  the  suggestion  of  "tip-toeing," 
and  in  extreme  cases  may  show  even  the 
"snaky"  gliding  motion  from  side  to  side,  in 
noiseless  progression. 

A  little  study  and  observation  will  con- 
vince anyone  that  the  walk  and  carriage  of  an 
individual  correspond  very  closely  to  his  gen- 
eral character.  And  just  as  we  may  recognize 
one's  mental  characteristics  when  reproduced 
in  outer  form  in  the  walk ;  so  may  we  deduce 
the  existence  of  mental  characteristics  in  a 
stranger,  from  the  outer  form  of  his  walk  and 
carriage.  The  study  of  walk  and  carriage  is 
very  interesting,  and  will  repay  one  for  the 
time  and  trouble  expended  upon  it.    One  may 


Miscellaneous  Signs  197 

practice  by  observing  the  walk  of  an  individ- 
ual whose  character  is  known,  for  the  purpose 
of  seeing  the  outer  form  of  these  characteris- 
tics ;  and  also  by  observing  the  walk  of  those 
whose  characters  are  unknown,  and  endeavor- 
ing to  form  an  idea  of  their  mental  states  and 
characteristics  by  means  of  their  peculiarities 
of  gait  and  carriage.  One  will  be  astonished 
at  the  proficiency  attained  in  a  short  time  by 
a  little  practice  along  these  lines. 

VOICE 

The  Voice  is  a  great  revealer  of  character. 
Prof.  0.  S.  Fowler  says:  "Whatever  makes 
a  noise,  from  the  deafening  roar  of  sea,  cat- 
aract, and  whirlwind's  mighty  crash,  through 
all  forms  of  animal  life,  to  the  sweet  and 
gentle  voice  of  woman,  makes  a  sound  which 
agrees  perfectly  with  the  maker's  character. 
Thus  the  terrific  roar  of  the  lion,  and  the 
soft  cooing  of  the  dove,  correspond  exactly 
with  their  respective  dispositions;  while  the 
rough  and  powerful  bellow  of  the  bull,  the 
fierce  yell  of  the  tiger,  the  coarse,  guttural 
moan  of  the  hyena,  the  swinish  grunt,  the 
sweet  warblings  of  birds,  in  contrast  with  the 


198  Human  Nature 

raven's  croak  and  the  owl's  hoot,  each  corres- 
pond perfectly  with  their  respective  char- 
acteristics. And  this  law  holds  equally  true 
of  man.  Hence  human  intonations  are  as  su- 
perior to  brutal  as  human  character  exceeds 
animal.  Accordingly,  the  peculiarities  of  all 
human  beings  are  expressed  in  their  voices 
and  mode  of  speaking.  Coarse-grained  and 
powerful  animal  organizations  have  a  coarse, 
harsh  and  grating  voice,  while  in  exact  pro- 
portion as  persons  become  refined  and  ele- 
vated mentally,  will  their  tones  of  voice  be- 
come correspondingly  refined  and  perfected." 

Prof.  L.  A.  Vaught  says:  "Affectionate 
voices  always  come  from  the  backhead. 
Heavy,  thunderous  voices  always  come  from 
the  sidehead.  Egotistical  voices  come  from 
the  crown  of  the  head.  Kind,  respectful  and 
straightforward  voices  come  from  the  top- 
head." 

A  clear,  distinct  utterance  is  held  to  indi- 
cate clear,  logical  thought,  while  indistinct, 
confused,  slurring  utterance  is  indicative  of 
careless,  illogical  and  hasty  thought  proc- 
esses. Sharp  and  shrill  notes  denote  nerv- 
ous tension  and  lack  of  restraint,  as  witness 


Eyes,  Eaes  and  Noses  199 

the  voice  of  the  shrew  or  the  hysterical  wo- 
man, or  the  high-strung  nervous  man.  Self- 
restraint  is  shown  by  calm,  deep,  forceful  ut- 
terances. Slowness  in  delivery  denotes  slow, 
deliberate  mental  processes,  while  quickness, 
and  "snappiness"  in  speech,  denotes  quick, 
active  habits  of  thought.  The  cheerful  voice 
of  the  optimistic  person,  and  the  rasping 
whine  of  the  chronic  pessimist,  are  well 
known.  The  voice  of  self-reliance,  and  the 
voice  of  fear  and  lack  of  self-esteem,  are 
easily  recognized.  The  strident,  overconfi- 
dent note  of  the  boaster  and  vain-glorious 
person,  is  easily  distinguished  from  that  of 
the  modest,  careful,  reliable  person. 

All  the  several  mental  Qualities  manifest 
in  the  voice,  in  tone,  pitch  or  feeling.  The 
Emotive  Qualities  give  the  affectionate 
voice;  Self-Esteem  gives  the  confident  voice; 
Approbativeness  gives  the  voice  of  affectation 
and  conceit ;  Combativeness  gives  the  "let  me 
alone"  tone;  Destructiveness  gives  the  "get 
out  of  my  way"  note;  Cunning  and  Acquisi- 
tiveness give  the  tone  of  deceit  and  flattery; 
and  so  on,  through  the  entire  scale.  In  study- 
ing voices  it  will  help  you  to  ask  "What  Qual- 


200  Human  Nature 

ity  or  Qualities  produce  this  voice?"  in  each 
case.  Study  the  voices  of  those  whose  char- 
acteristics you  know,  and  then  apply  the  ex- 
perience to  others  whose  characteristics  are 
unknown. 

LAUGHS 

Laughter  is  full  of  the  expression  of  char- 
acter. One  may  often  accurately  determine 
the  character  of  a  person  whose  face  is  not 
seen  or  known.  A  hearty  laugh  is  indicative 
of  sympathy,  companionship  and  general  so- 
ciability, as  well  as  a  well  developed  sense 
of  humor.  A  giggle  is  indicative  of  pettiness, 
trifling  and  general  mental  light-weight.  The 
repressed  laugh  shows  self-control  and  often 
caution  and  cunning,  the  tone  denoting  the 
difference.  The  vulgar  "haw-haw"  denotes 
a  correspondingly  gross  nature.  The  pe- 
culiar shrill,  rasping,  parrot-like  laugh  of  the 
courtesan  is  typical,  and  when  ever  heard 
should  act  as  a  note  of  warning.  It  is  difficult 
to  state  in  words  the  various  qualities  of  the 
laugh,  but  each  is  distinctive  and  well  ex- 
presses the  Quality  causing  it.  It  may  be 
said  that  each  and  every  mental  Quality  has 


Miscellaneous  Signs  201 

its  corresponding  note  in  the  laugh,  which 
note  may  be  learned  and  recognized  by  a  little 
practice  and  actual  observation. 

THE  HAND-SHAKE 

The  manner  of  shaking  hands  is  indicative 
of  the  characteristics  of  the  individual. 
Handshakes  may  be  divided  into  three  gen- 
eral classes,  viz,  (1)  the  hearty  handshake, 
which  indicates  good-feeling,  earnestness, 
and  interest;  (2)  the  mechanical  handshake, 
which  denotes  indifference,  lack  of  feeling, 
and  lack  of  interest;  and  (3)  the  selfish  hand- 
shake, which  denotes  cunning,  heartlessness, 
and  desire  and  disposition  to  take  advantage 
of  the  other  party.  There  is  a  "something" 
in  the  handshake  which  is  almost  impossible 
to  express  in  words,  but  which  is  recognized 
instinctively  by  those  having  Human  Nature 
well  developed.  It  is  more  of  a  "feeling" 
of  certain  Qualities  manifested  by  the  other 
person.  A  little  thought  and  attention  paid 
to  this  subject  will  tend  to  develop  this  rec- 
ognition on  the  part  of  one  deficient  in  it. 
One  may,  with  a  little  practice,  learn  to  dis- 
tinguish  between   the   honest    and   the   dis- 


202  Human  Nature 

honest;  the  moral  and  the  immoral;  the  ac- 
tive and  the  passive;  the  energetic  and  the 
slothful;  the  grasp  of  good-fellowship,  and 
that  of  superciliousness ;  the  friendly  and  the 
antagonistic;  the  candid  and  the  deceitful; 
and  all  the  other  various  kinds  of  handshakes. 
Mental  states  manifest  in  outer  form  in  hand- 
shakes as  in  many  other  physical  actions  and 
appearances. 

First  study  the  several  Qualities  in  their 
inner  aspect,  and  then  learn  to  distinguish 
the  various  outer  forms  of  each.  From  the 
inner  proceed  to  the  outer,  and  having 
learned  the  way  you  will  be  able  to  retrace 
your  steps  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  in  the 
ease  of  other  persons.  The  principle  once 
grasped,  the  rest  is  all  a  matter  of  practice 
and  experience. 


FINIS. 


amu  Mvenue,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90024-1 3M 
Return  this  material  to  the  library  M 

from  which  it  was  borrowed 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A  A      000  244  818    1 


